Source code for gammapy.astro.population.simulate

# Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst
"""Simulate source catalogs.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
import numpy as np
from numpy import degrees, pi, arctan, exp
from ...extern import six
from astropy.table import Table, Column
from astropy.units import Quantity
from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord, spherical_to_cartesian
from ...utils import coordinates as astrometry
from ...utils.coordinates import D_SUN_TO_GALACTIC_CENTER
from ...utils.distributions import draw, pdf
from ...utils.random import sample_sphere, sample_sphere_distance, get_random_state
from ..source import SNR, SNRTrueloveMcKee, PWN, Pulsar
from ..population.spatial import Exponential, FaucherSpiral, RMIN, RMAX, ZMIN, ZMAX, radial_distributions
from ..population.velocity import VMIN, VMAX, velocity_distributions

__all__ = [
    'make_catalog_random_positions_cube',
    'make_catalog_random_positions_sphere',
    'make_base_catalog_galactic',
    'add_snr_parameters',
    'add_pulsar_parameters',
    'add_pwn_parameters',
    'add_observed_source_parameters',
    'add_observed_parameters',
]


[docs]def make_catalog_random_positions_cube(size=100, dimension=3, dmax=10, random_state='random-seed'): """Make a catalog of sources randomly distributed on a line, square or cube. TODO: is this useful enough for general use or should we hide it as an internal method to generate test datasets? Parameters ---------- size : int, optional Number of sources dimension : int, optional Number of dimensions dmax : int, optional Maximum distance in pc. random_state : {int, 'random-seed', 'global-rng', `~numpy.random.RandomState`} Defines random number generator initialisation. Passed to `~gammapy.utils.random.get_random_state`. Returns ------- catalog : `~astropy.table.Table` Source catalog with columns: """ random_state = get_random_state(random_state) # Generate positions 1D, 2D, or 3D if dimension == 3: x = random_state.uniform(-dmax, dmax, size) y = random_state.uniform(-dmax, dmax, size) z = random_state.uniform(-dmax, dmax, size) elif dimension == 2: x = random_state.uniform(-dmax, dmax, size) y = random_state.uniform(-dmax, dmax, size) z = np.zeros_like(x) else: x = random_state.uniform(-dmax, dmax, size) y = np.zeros_like(x) z = np.zeros_like(x) table = Table() table['x'] = Column(x, unit='pc', description='Galactic cartesian coordinate') table['y'] = Column(y, unit='pc', description='Galactic cartesian coordinate') table['z'] = Column(z, unit='pc', description='Galactic cartesian coordinate') return table
[docs]def make_catalog_random_positions_sphere(size, center='Earth', distance=Quantity([0, 1], 'Mpc'), random_state='random-seed'): """Sample random source locations in a sphere. This can be used to generate an isotropic source population to represent extra-galactic sources. Parameters ---------- size : int Number of sources center : {'Earth', 'Milky Way'} Sphere center distance : `~astropy.units.Quantity` tuple Distance min / max range. random_state : {int, 'random-seed', 'global-rng', `~numpy.random.RandomState`} Defines random number generator initialisation. Passed to `~gammapy.utils.random.get_random_state`. Returns ------- catalog : `~astropy.table.Table` Source catalog with columns: - RAJ2000, DEJ2000 (deg) - GLON, GLAT (deg) - Distance (Mpc) """ random_state = get_random_state(random_state) lon, lat = sample_sphere(size, random_state=random_state) radius = sample_sphere_distance(distance[0], distance[1], size, random_state=random_state) # TODO: it shouldn't be necessary here to convert to cartesian ourselves ... x, y, z = spherical_to_cartesian(radius, lat, lon) pos = SkyCoord(x, y, z, frame='galactocentric', representation='cartesian') if center == 'Milky Way': pass elif center == 'Earth': # TODO: add shift Galactic center -> Earth raise NotImplementedError else: msg = 'Invalid center: {}\n'.format(center) msg += 'Choose one of: Earth, Milky Way' raise ValueError(msg) table = Table() table.meta['center'] = center icrs = pos.transform_to('icrs') table['RAJ2000'] = icrs.ra.to('deg') table['DEJ2000'] = icrs.dec.to('deg') galactic = icrs.transform_to('galactic') table['GLON'] = galactic.l.to('deg') table['GLAT'] = galactic.b.to('deg') table['Distance'] = icrs.distance.to('Mpc') return table
[docs]def make_base_catalog_galactic(n_sources, rad_dis='YK04', vel_dis='H05', max_age=Quantity(1e6, 'yr'), spiralarms=True, n_ISM=Quantity(1, 'cm-3'), random_state='random-seed'): """Make a catalog of Galactic sources, with basic source parameters. Choose a radial distribution, a velocity distribution, the number of pulsars n_pulsars, the maximal age max_age[years] and the fraction of the individual morphtypes. There's an option spiralarms. If set on True a spiralarm modelling after Faucher&Kaspi is included. max_age and n_sources effectively correspond to s SN rate: SN_rate = n_sources / max_age Parameters ---------- n_sources : int Number of sources to simulate. rad_dis : callable Radial surface density distribution of sources. vel_dis : callable Proper motion velocity distribution of sources. max_age : `~astropy.units.Quantity` Maximal age of the source spiralarms : bool Include a spiralarm model in the catalog. n_ISM : `~astropy.units.Quantity` Density of the interstellar medium. random_state : {int, 'random-seed', 'global-rng', `~numpy.random.RandomState`} Defines random number generator initialisation. Passed to `~gammapy.utils.random.get_random_state`. Returns ------- table : `~astropy.table.Table` Catalog of simulated source positions and proper velocities. """ random_state = get_random_state(random_state) if isinstance(rad_dis, six.string_types): rad_dis = radial_distributions[rad_dis] if isinstance(vel_dis, six.string_types): vel_dis = velocity_distributions[vel_dis] # Draw random values for the age age = random_state.uniform(0, max_age.to('yr').value, n_sources) age = Quantity(age, 'yr') # Draw r and z values from the given distribution r = draw(RMIN.to('kpc').value, RMAX.to('kpc').value, n_sources, pdf(rad_dis()), random_state=random_state) r = Quantity(r, 'kpc') z = draw(ZMIN.to('kpc').value, ZMAX.to('kpc').value, n_sources, Exponential(), random_state=random_state) z = Quantity(z, 'kpc') # Apply spiralarm modelling or not if spiralarms: r, theta, spiralarm = FaucherSpiral()(r, random_state=random_state) else: theta = Quantity(random_state.uniform(0, 2 * pi, n_sources), 'rad') spiralarm = None # Compute cartesian coordinates x, y = astrometry.cartesian(r, theta) # Draw values from velocity distribution v = draw(VMIN.to('km/s').value, VMAX.to('km/s').value, n_sources, vel_dis(), random_state=random_state) v = Quantity(v, 'km/s') # Draw random direction of initial velocity theta = Quantity(random_state.uniform(0, pi, x.size), 'rad') phi = Quantity(random_state.uniform(0, 2 * pi, x.size), 'rad') # Compute new position dx, dy, dz, vx, vy, vz = astrometry.motion_since_birth(v, age, theta, phi) # Add displacement to birth position x_moved = x + dx y_moved = y + dy z_moved = z + dz # Set environment interstellar density n_ISM = n_ISM * np.ones(n_sources) table = Table() table['age'] = Column(age, unit='yr', description='Age of the source') table['n_ISM'] = Column(n_ISM, unit='cm-3', description='Interstellar medium density') if spiralarms: table['spiralarm'] = Column(spiralarm, description='Which spiralarm?') table['x_birth'] = Column(x, unit='kpc', description='Galactocentric x coordinate at birth') table['y_birth'] = Column(y, unit='kpc', description='Galactocentric y coordinate at birth') table['z_birth'] = Column(z, unit='kpc', description='Galactocentric z coordinate at birth') table['x'] = Column(x_moved.to('kpc'), unit='kpc', description='Galactocentric x coordinate') table['y'] = Column(y_moved.to('kpc'), unit='kpc', description='Galactocentric y coordinate') table['z'] = Column(z_moved.to('kpc'), unit='kpc', description='Galactocentric z coordinate') table['vx'] = Column(vx.to('km/s'), unit='km/s', description='Galactocentric velocity in x direction') table['vy'] = Column(vy.to('km/s'), unit='km/s', description='Galactocentric velocity in y direction') table['vz'] = Column(vz.to('km/s'), unit='km/s', description='Galactocentric velocity in z direction') table['v_abs'] = Column(v, unit='km/s', description='Galactocentric velocity (absolute)') return table
[docs]def add_snr_parameters(table): """Adds SNR parameters to the table. """ # Read relevant columns age = table['age'].quantity n_ISM = table['n_ISM'].quantity # Compute properties snr = SNR(n_ISM=n_ISM) E_SN = snr.e_sn * np.ones(len(table)) r_out = snr.radius(age) r_in = snr.radius_inner(age) L_SNR = snr.luminosity_tev(age) # Add columns to table table['E_SN'] = Column(E_SN, unit='erg', description='SNR kinetic energy') table['r_out'] = Column(r_out, unit='pc', description='SNR outer radius') table['r_in'] = Column(r_in, unit='pc', description='SNR inner radius') table['L_SNR'] = Column(L_SNR, unit='s-1', description='SNR luminosity') return table
[docs]def add_pulsar_parameters(table, B_mean=12.05, B_stdv=0.55, P_mean=0.3, P_stdv=0.15, random_state='random-seed'): """Add pulsar parameters to the table. For the initial normal distribution of period and logB can exist the following Parameters: B_mean=12.05[log Gauss], B_stdv=0.55, P_mean=0.3[s], P_stdv=0.15 Parameters ---------- random_state : {int, 'random-seed', 'global-rng', `~numpy.random.RandomState`} Defines random number generator initialisation. Passed to `~gammapy.utils.random.get_random_state`. """ random_state = get_random_state(random_state) # Read relevant columns age = table['age'].quantity # Draw the initial values for the period and magnetic field def p_dist(x): return exp(-0.5 * ((x - P_mean) / P_stdv) ** 2) p0_birth = draw(0, 2, len(table), p_dist, random_state=random_state) p0_birth = Quantity(p0_birth, 's') logB = random_state.normal(B_mean, B_stdv, len(table)) # Compute pulsar parameters psr = Pulsar(p0_birth, logB) p0 = psr.period(age) p1 = psr.period_dot(age) p1_birth = psr.P_dot_0 tau = psr.tau(age) tau_0 = psr.tau_0 l_psr = psr.luminosity_spindown(age) l0_psr = psr.L_0 # Add columns to table table['P0'] = Column(p0, unit='s', description='Pulsar period') table['P1'] = Column(p1, unit='', description='Pulsar period derivative') table['P0_birth'] = Column(p0_birth, unit='s', description='Pulsar birth period') table['P1_birth'] = Column(p1_birth, unit='', description='Pulsar birth period derivative') table['CharAge'] = Column(tau, unit='yr', description='Pulsar characteristic age') table['Tau0'] = Column(tau_0, unit='yr') table['L_PSR'] = Column(l_psr, unit='erg s-1') table['L0_PSR'] = Column(l0_psr, unit='erg s-1') table['logB'] = Column(logB, unit='Gauss') return table
[docs]def add_pwn_parameters(table): """Add PWN parameters to the table. """ # Read relevant columns age = table['age'].quantity E_SN = table['E_SN'].quantity n_ISM = table['n_ISM'].quantity P0_birth = table['P0_birth'].quantity logB = table['logB'] # Compute properties pulsar = Pulsar(P0_birth, logB) snr = SNRTrueloveMcKee(e_sn=E_SN, n_ISM=n_ISM) pwn = PWN(pulsar, snr) r_out_pwn = pwn.radius(age) L_PWN = pwn.luminosity_tev(age) # Add columns to table table['r_out_PWN'] = Column(r_out_pwn, unit='pc', description='PWN outer radius') table['L_PWN'] = Column(L_PWN, unit='erg', description='PWN luminosity above 1 TeV') return table
[docs]def add_observed_source_parameters(table): """Add observed source parameters to the table. """ # Read relevant columns distance = table['distance'] r_in = table['r_in'] r_out = table['r_out'] r_out_PWN = table['r_out_PWN'] L_SNR = table['L_SNR'] L_PSR = table['L_PSR'] L_PWN = table['L_PWN'] # Compute properties ext_in_SNR = astrometry.radius_to_angle(r_in, distance) ext_out_SNR = astrometry.radius_to_angle(r_out, distance) ext_out_PWN = astrometry.radius_to_angle(r_out_PWN, distance) # Ellipse parameters not used for now theta = pi / 2 * np.ones(len(table)) # Position angle? epsilon = np.zeros(len(table)) # Ellipticity? S_SNR = astrometry.luminosity_to_flux(L_SNR, distance) # Ld2_PSR = astrometry.luminosity_to_flux(L_PSR, distance) Ld2_PSR = L_PSR / distance ** 2 S_PWN = astrometry.luminosity_to_flux(L_PWN, distance) # Add columns table['ext_in_SNR'] = Column(ext_in_SNR, unit='deg') table['ext_out_SNR'] = Column(ext_out_SNR, unit='deg') table['ext_out_PWN'] = Column(ext_out_PWN, unit='deg') table['theta'] = Column(theta, unit='rad') table['epsilon'] = Column(epsilon, unit='') table['S_SNR'] = Column(S_SNR, unit='cm-2 s-1') table['Ld2_PSR'] = Column(Ld2_PSR, unit='erg s-1 kpc-2') table['S_PWN'] = Column(S_PWN, unit='cm-2 s-1') return table
[docs]def add_observed_parameters(table, obs_pos=None): """Add observable parameters (such as sky position or distance). Input table columns: x, y, z, extension, luminosity Output table columns: distance, glon, glat, flux, angular_extension Position of observer in cartesian coordinates. Center of galaxy as origin, x-axis goes trough sun. Parameters ---------- table : `~astropy.table.Table` Input table obs_pos : tuple or None Observation position (X, Y, Z) in Galactocentric coordinates (default: Earth) Returns ------- table : `~astropy.table.Table` Modified input table with columns added """ obs_pos = obs_pos or [D_SUN_TO_GALACTIC_CENTER, 0, 0] # Get data x, y, z = table['x'].quantity, table['y'].quantity, table['z'].quantity vx, vy, vz = table['vx'].quantity, table['vy'].quantity, table['vz'].quantity distance, glon, glat = astrometry.galactic(x, y, z, obs_pos=obs_pos) # Compute projected velocity v_glon, v_glat = astrometry.velocity_glon_glat(x, y, z, vx, vy, vz) coordinate = SkyCoord(glon, glat, unit='deg', frame='galactic').transform_to('icrs') ra, dec = coordinate.ra.deg, coordinate.dec.deg # Add columns to table table['distance'] = Column(distance, unit='pc', description='Distance observer to source center') table['GLON'] = Column(glon, unit='deg', description='Galactic longitude') table['GLAT'] = Column(glat, unit='deg', description='Galactic latitude') table['VGLON'] = Column(v_glon.to('deg/Myr'), unit='deg/Myr', description='Velocity in Galactic longitude') table['VGLAT'] = Column(v_glat.to('deg/Myr'), unit='deg/Myr', description='Velocity in Galactic latitude') table['RA'] = Column(ra, unit='deg', description='Right ascension') table['DEC'] = Column(dec, unit='deg', description='Declination') try: luminosity = table['luminosity'] flux = astrometry.luminosity_to_flux(luminosity, distance) table['flux'] = Column(flux.value, unit=flux.unit, description='Source flux') except KeyError: pass try: extension = table['extension'] angular_extension = degrees(arctan(extension / distance)) table['angular_extension'] = Column(angular_extension, unit='deg', description='Source angular radius (i.e. half-diameter)') except KeyError: pass return table