Source catalogs#

Access and explore thew most common gamma-ray source catalogs.

Introduction#

catalog provides convenient access to common gamma-ray source catalogs. This module is mostly independent of the rest of Gammapy. Typically, you use it to compare new analyses against catalog results, e.g. overplot the spectral model, or compare the source position.

Moreover, as creating a source model and flux points for a given catalog from the FITS table is tedious, catalog has this already implemented. So you can create initial source models for your analyses. This is very common for Fermi-LAT, to start with a catalog model. For TeV analysis, especially in crowded Galactic regions, using the HGPS, gamma-cat or 2HWC catalog in this way can also be useful.

In this tutorial you will learn how to:

  • List available catalogs

  • Load a catalog

  • Access the source catalog table data

  • Select a catalog subset or a single source

  • Get source spectral and spatial models

  • Get flux points (if available)

  • Get lightcurves (if available)

  • Access the source catalog table data

  • Pretty-print the source information

In this tutorial we will show examples using the following catalogs:

All catalog and source classes work the same, as long as some information is available. E.g. trying to access a lightcurve from a catalog and source that does not have that information will return None.

Further information is available at catalog.

import numpy as np
import astropy.units as u

# %matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from IPython.display import display
from gammapy.catalog import CATALOG_REGISTRY

Check setup#

from gammapy.utils.check import check_tutorials_setup

check_tutorials_setup()
System:

        python_executable      : /home/runner/work/gammapy-docs/gammapy-docs/gammapy/.tox/build_docs/bin/python
        python_version         : 3.9.16
        machine                : x86_64
        system                 : Linux


Gammapy package:

        version                : 1.1
        path                   : /home/runner/work/gammapy-docs/gammapy-docs/gammapy/.tox/build_docs/lib/python3.9/site-packages/gammapy


Other packages:

        numpy                  : 1.24.3
        scipy                  : 1.10.1
        astropy                : 5.2.2
        regions                : 0.7
        click                  : 8.1.3
        yaml                   : 6.0
        IPython                : 8.14.0
        jupyterlab             : not installed
        matplotlib             : 3.7.1
        pandas                 : not installed
        healpy                 : 1.16.2
        iminuit                : 2.21.3
        sherpa                 : 4.15.1
        naima                  : 0.10.0
        emcee                  : 3.1.4
        corner                 : 2.2.2
        ray                    : 2.5.0


Gammapy environment variables:

        GAMMAPY_DATA           : /home/runner/work/gammapy-docs/gammapy-docs/gammapy-datasets/1.1

List available catalogs#

catalog contains a catalog registry CATALOG_REGISTRY, which maps catalog names (e.g. “3fhl”) to catalog classes (e.g. SourceCatalog3FHL).

Registry
--------

SourceCatalogGammaCat: gamma-cat
SourceCatalogHGPS    : hgps
SourceCatalog2HWC    : 2hwc
SourceCatalog3FGL    : 3fgl
SourceCatalog4FGL    : 4fgl
SourceCatalog2FHL    : 2fhl
SourceCatalog3FHL    : 3fhl
SourceCatalog3HWC    : 3hwc

Load catalogs#

If you have run gammapy download datasets or gammapy download tutorials, you have a copy of the catalogs as FITS files in $GAMMAPY_DATA/catalogs, and that is the default location where catalog loads from.

# # # !ls -1 $GAMMAPY_DATA/catalogs
# # # !ls -1 $GAMMAPY_DATA/catalogs/fermi

So a catalog can be loaded directly from its corresponding class

from gammapy.catalog import SourceCatalog4FGL

catalog = SourceCatalog4FGL()
print("Number of sources :", len(catalog.table))
Number of sources : 6659

Note that it loads the default catalog from $GAMMAPY_DATA/catalogs, you could pass a different filename when creating the catalog. For example here we load an older version of 4FGL catalog:

catalog = SourceCatalog4FGL("$GAMMAPY_DATA/catalogs/fermi/gll_psc_v20.fit.gz")
print("Number of sources :", len(catalog.table))
Number of sources : 5066

Alternatively you can load a catalog by name via CATALOG_REGISTRY.get_cls(name)() (note the () to instantiate a catalog object from the catalog class - only this will load the catalog and be useful), or by importing the catalog class (e.g. SourceCatalog3FGL) directly. The two ways are equivalent, the result will be the same.

# FITS file is loaded
catalog = CATALOG_REGISTRY.get_cls("3fgl")()
print(catalog)
SourceCatalog3FGL:
    name: 3fgl
    description: LAT 4-year point source catalog
    sources: 3034

Let’s load the source catalogs we will use throughout this tutorial

catalog_gammacat = CATALOG_REGISTRY.get_cls("gamma-cat")()
catalog_3fhl = CATALOG_REGISTRY.get_cls("3fhl")()
catalog_4fgl = CATALOG_REGISTRY.get_cls("4fgl")()
catalog_hgps = CATALOG_REGISTRY.get_cls("hgps")()

Catalog table#

Source catalogs are given as FITS files that contain one or multiple tables.

However, you can also access the underlying astropy.table.Table for a catalog, and the row data as a Python dict. This can be useful if you want to do something that is not pre-scripted by the SourceCatalog classes, such as e.g. selecting sources by sky position or association class, or accessing special source information.

print(type(catalog_3fhl.table))
<class 'astropy.table.table.Table'>
print(len(catalog_3fhl.table))
1556
display(catalog_3fhl.table[:3][["Source_Name", "RAJ2000", "DEJ2000"]])
   Source_Name     RAJ2000  DEJ2000
                     deg      deg
------------------ -------- --------
3FHL J0001.2-0748    0.3107  -7.8075
3FHL J0001.9-4155    0.4849 -41.9303
3FHL J0002.1-6728    0.5283 -67.4825

Note that the catalogs object include a helper property that gives directly the sources positions as a SkyCoord object (we will show an usage example in the following).

<SkyCoord (ICRS): (ra, dec) in deg
    [(0.31067517,  -7.8075185), (0.4848653 , -41.93026  ),
     (0.52826166, -67.48248  )]>

Source object#

Select a source#

The catalog entries for a single source are represented by a SourceCatalogObject. In order to select a source object index into the catalog using [], with a catalog table row index (zero-based, first row is [0]), or a source name. If a name is given, catalog table columns with source names and association names (“ASSOC1” in the example below) are searched top to bottom. There is no name resolution web query.

source = catalog_4fgl[49]
print(source)
*** Basic info ***

Catalog row index (zero-based) : 49
Source name          : 4FGL J0009.3+5030
Extended name        :
Associations     : NVSS J000922+503028, 3FGL J0009.3+5030, 3FHL J0009.4+5030
ASSOC_PROB_BAY   : 1.000
ASSOC_PROB_LR    : 0.928
Class1           : bll
Class2           :
TeVCat flag      : N

*** Other info ***

Significance (100 MeV - 1 TeV)   : 61.802
Npred                            : 3263.4

Other flags          : 0

*** Position info ***

RA                   : 2.347 deg
DEC                  : 50.512 deg
GLON                 : 116.124 deg
GLAT                 : -11.804 deg

Semimajor (68%)      : 0.0084 deg
Semiminor (68%)      : 0.0083 deg
Position angle (68%) : 36.45 deg
Semimajor (95%)      : 0.0137 deg
Semiminor (95%)      : 0.0135 deg
Position angle (95%) : 36.45 deg
ROI number           : 1272

*** Spectral info ***

Spectrum type                                 : LogParabola
Detection significance (100 MeV - 1 TeV)      : 61.802
beta                                          : 0.0695 +- 0.01443
Significance curvature                        : 5.3
Pivot energy                                  : 1379 MeV
Spectral index                                : 1.884 +- 0.033
Flux Density at pivot energy                  : 1.33e-12 +- 4.38e-14 cm-2 MeV-1 s-1
Integral flux (1 - 100 GeV)                   : 2.49e-09 +- 7.72e-11 cm-2 s-1
Energy flux (100 MeV - 100 GeV)               : 2.29e-11 +- 9.18e-13 erg cm-2 s-1

*** Spectral points ***

  e_min       e_max        flux     flux_errn   flux_errp      e2dnde     e2dnde_errn   e2dnde_errp  is_ul   flux_ul     e2dnde_ul   sqrt_ts
   MeV         MeV     1 / (cm2 s) 1 / (cm2 s) 1 / (cm2 s) erg / (cm2 s) erg / (cm2 s) erg / (cm2 s)       1 / (cm2 s) erg / (cm2 s)
---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ----- ----------- ------------- -------
    50.000     100.000   1.968e-08   1.752e-08   1.359e-08     3.220e-12     2.866e-12     2.224e-12 False         nan           nan   1.121
   100.000     300.000   1.225e-08   1.876e-09   1.903e-09     3.065e-12     4.693e-13     4.761e-13 False         nan           nan   6.894
   300.000    1000.000   4.892e-09   2.759e-10   2.759e-10     3.458e-12     1.950e-13     1.950e-13 False         nan           nan  22.124
  1000.000    3000.000   1.614e-09   7.652e-11   7.652e-11     3.911e-12     1.854e-13     1.854e-13 False         nan           nan  33.513
  3000.000   10000.000   6.074e-10   3.607e-11   3.607e-11     4.133e-12     2.455e-13     2.455e-13 False         nan           nan  36.197
 10000.000   30000.000   1.562e-10   1.598e-11   1.710e-11     3.668e-12     3.753e-13     4.015e-13 False         nan           nan  25.276
 30000.000  100000.000   4.397e-11   8.076e-12   9.104e-12     2.884e-12     5.296e-13     5.970e-13 False         nan           nan  15.104
100000.000 1000000.000   1.139e-17         nan   2.399e-12     1.602e-18           nan     3.374e-13  True   4.798e-12     6.749e-13   0.000
*** Lightcurve info ***

Lightcurve measured in the energy band: 100 MeV - 100 GeV

Variability index : 204.735
Significance peak (100 MeV - 100 GeV)    : 30.253
Integral flux peak (100 MeV - 100 GeV)   : 3.3e-08 +- 2.01e-09 cm^-2 s^-1
Time peak                                : 3.18e+08 s (Mission elapsed time)
Peak interval                            : 3.65e+02 day
49 4FGL J0009.3+5030
source = catalog_4fgl["4FGL J0010.8-2154"]
print(source.row_index, source.name)
60 4FGL J0010.8-2154
print(source.data["ASSOC1"])
PKS 0008-222
source = catalog_4fgl["PKS 0008-222"]
print(source.row_index, source.name)
60 4FGL J0010.8-2154

Note that you can also do a for source in catalog loop, to find or process sources of interest.

Source information#

The source objects have a data property that contains the information of the catalog row corresponding to the source.

print(source.data["Npred"])
333.74478
print(source.data["GLON"], source.data["GLAT"])
60.28118133544922 deg -79.40050506591797 deg

As for the catalog object, the source object has a position property.

<SkyCoord (Galactic): (l, b) in deg
    (60.28120079, -79.40051035)>

Select a catalog subset#

The catalog objects support selection using boolean arrays (of the same length), so one can create a new catalog as a subset of the main catalog that verify a set of conditions.

In the next example we selection only few of the brightest sources brightest sources in the 100 to 200 GeV energy band.

mask_bright = np.zeros(len(catalog_3fhl.table), dtype=bool)
for k, source in enumerate(catalog_3fhl):
    flux = source.spectral_model().integral(100 * u.GeV, 200 * u.GeV).to("cm-2 s-1")
    if flux > 1e-10 * u.Unit("cm-2 s-1"):
        mask_bright[k] = True
        print(f"{source.row_index:<7d} {source.name:20s} {flux:.3g}")
352     3FHL J0534.5+2201    2.99e-10 1 / (cm2 s)
553     3FHL J0851.9-4620e   1.24e-10 1 / (cm2 s)
654     3FHL J1036.3-5833e   1.57e-10 1 / (cm2 s)
691     3FHL J1104.4+3812    3.34e-10 1 / (cm2 s)
1111    3FHL J1653.8+3945    1.27e-10 1 / (cm2 s)
1219    3FHL J1824.5-1351e   1.77e-10 1 / (cm2 s)
1361    3FHL J2028.6+4110e   1.75e-10 1 / (cm2 s)
SourceCatalog3FHL:
    name: 3fhl
    description: LAT third high-energy source catalog
    sources: 7
print(catalog_3fhl_bright.table["Source_Name"])
   Source_Name
------------------
3FHL J0534.5+2201
3FHL J0851.9-4620e
3FHL J1036.3-5833e
3FHL J1104.4+3812
3FHL J1653.8+3945
3FHL J1824.5-1351e
3FHL J2028.6+4110e

Similarly we can select only sources within a region of interest. Here for example we use the position property of the catalog object to select sources whitin 5 degrees from “PKS 0008-222”:

Number of sources : 15

Source models#

The SourceCatalogObject classes have a sky_model() model which creates a SkyModel object, with model parameter values and parameter errors from the catalog filled in.

In most cases, the spectral_model() method provides the SpectralModel part of the sky model, and the spatial_model() method the SpatialModel part individually.

We use the SourceCatalog3FHL for the examples in this section.

source = catalog_4fgl["PKS 2155-304"]

model = source.sky_model()
print(model)
SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J2158.8-3013
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : LogParabolaSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    amplitude                     :   1.34e-11   +/- 1.5e-13 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   1146.894       MeV
    alpha                         :      1.767   +/-    0.01
    beta                          :      0.041   +/-    0.00
    lon_0                         :    329.714   +/-    0.00 deg
    lat_0                         :    -30.225   +/-    0.00 deg
print(model)
SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J2158.8-3013
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : LogParabolaSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    amplitude                     :   1.34e-11   +/- 1.5e-13 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   1146.894       MeV
    alpha                         :      1.767   +/-    0.01
    beta                          :      0.041   +/-    0.00
    lon_0                         :    329.714   +/-    0.00 deg
    lat_0                         :    -30.225   +/-    0.00 deg
PointSpatialModel

  type   name    value    unit   error   ...    max    frozen is_norm link
------- ----- ----------- ---- --------- ... --------- ------ ------- ----
spatial lon_0  3.2971e+02  deg 3.735e-03 ...       nan  False   False
spatial lat_0 -3.0225e+01  deg 3.227e-03 ... 9.000e+01  False   False
LogParabolaSpectralModel

  type      name     value         unit      ... max frozen is_norm link
-------- --------- ---------- -------------- ... --- ------ ------- ----
spectral amplitude 1.3413e-11 cm-2 MeV-1 s-1 ... nan  False    True
spectral reference 1.1469e+03            MeV ... nan   True   False
spectral     alpha 1.7672e+00                ... nan  False   False
spectral      beta 4.0590e-02                ... nan  False   False
energy_bounds = (100 * u.MeV, 100 * u.GeV)
opts = dict(sed_type="e2dnde", yunits=u.Unit("TeV cm-2 s-1"))
model.spectral_model.plot(energy_bounds, **opts)
model.spectral_model.plot_error(energy_bounds, **opts)
plt.show()
catalog

You can create initial source models for your analyses using the to_models() method of the catalog objects. Here for example we create a Models object from the 4FGL catalog subset we previously defined:

Models

Component 0: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0001.8-2153
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : PowerLawSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    index                         :      1.877   +/-    0.17
    amplitude                     :   4.94e-15   +/- 1.3e-15 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   4429.934       MeV
    lon_0                         :      0.465   +/-    0.04 deg
    lat_0                         :    -21.886   +/-    0.05 deg

Component 1: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0003.3-1928
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : LogParabolaSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    amplitude                     :   5.61e-13   +/- 5.6e-14 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   1021.799       MeV
    alpha                         :      2.103   +/-    0.14
    beta                          :      0.234   +/-    0.09
    lon_0                         :      0.846   +/-    0.03 deg
    lat_0                         :    -19.468   +/-    0.03 deg

Component 2: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0006.3-1813
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : PowerLawSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    index                         :      2.182   +/-    0.22
    amplitude                     :   1.83e-14   +/- 4.9e-15 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   2248.979       MeV
    lon_0                         :      1.578   +/-    0.03 deg
    lat_0                         :    -18.229   +/-    0.03 deg

Component 3: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0008.4-2339
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : LogParabolaSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    amplitude                     :   1.30e-14   +/- 2.4e-15 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   4584.337       MeV
    alpha                         :      1.463   +/-    0.21
    beta                          :      0.199   +/-    0.11
    lon_0                         :      2.111   +/-    0.02 deg
    lat_0                         :    -23.651   +/-    0.02 deg

Component 4: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0010.2-2431
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : PowerLawSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    index                         :      2.139   +/-    0.18
    amplitude                     :   1.78e-14   +/- 4.5e-15 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   2286.647       MeV
    lon_0                         :      2.560   +/-    0.03 deg
    lat_0                         :    -24.524   +/-    0.04 deg

Component 5: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0010.8-2154
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : PowerLawSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    index                         :      2.379   +/-    0.15
    amplitude                     :   1.08e-13   +/- 2.0e-14 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   1205.260       MeV
    lon_0                         :      2.717   +/-    0.05 deg
    lat_0                         :    -21.900   +/-    0.05 deg

Component 6: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0013.9-1854
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : PowerLawSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    index                         :      1.934   +/-    0.09
    amplitude                     :   2.99e-14   +/- 3.6e-15 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   3038.329       MeV
    lon_0                         :      3.480   +/-    0.02 deg
    lat_0                         :    -18.912   +/-    0.02 deg

Component 7: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0021.5-2552
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : LogParabolaSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    amplitude                     :   9.49e-13   +/- 6.1e-14 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):    935.760       MeV
    alpha                         :      2.035   +/-    0.06
    beta                          :      0.055   +/-    0.03
    lon_0                         :      5.391   +/-    0.01 deg
    lat_0                         :    -25.868   +/-    0.01 deg

Component 8: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0022.1-1854
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : LogParabolaSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    amplitude                     :   3.97e-13   +/- 2.7e-14 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   1451.120       MeV
    alpha                         :      1.804   +/-    0.07
    beta                          :      0.087   +/-    0.03
    lon_0                         :      5.535   +/-    0.01 deg
    lat_0                         :    -18.907   +/-    0.01 deg

Component 9: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0025.0-2320
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : PowerLawSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    index                         :      2.330   +/-    0.22
    amplitude                     :   2.48e-14   +/- 6.4e-15 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   1975.588       MeV
    lon_0                         :      6.268   +/-    0.04 deg
    lat_0                         :    -23.338   +/-    0.05 deg

Component 10: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0025.2-2231
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : PowerLawSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    index                         :      2.395   +/-    0.20
    amplitude                     :   3.90e-14   +/- 9.1e-15 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   1708.668       MeV
    lon_0                         :      6.303   +/-    0.03 deg
    lat_0                         :    -22.533   +/-    0.03 deg

Component 11: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J0031.0-2327
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : LogParabolaSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    amplitude                     :   1.23e-13   +/- 2.3e-14 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   1515.482       MeV
    alpha                         :      1.615   +/-    0.40
    beta                          :      0.659   +/-    0.36
    lon_0                         :      7.756   +/-    0.04 deg
    lat_0                         :    -23.458   +/-    0.05 deg

Component 12: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J2357.7-1937
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : PowerLawSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    index                         :      2.259   +/-    0.17
    amplitude                     :   3.55e-14   +/- 8.2e-15 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   1816.197       MeV
    lon_0                         :    359.430   +/-    0.04 deg
    lat_0                         :    -19.619   +/-    0.04 deg

Component 13: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J2358.5-1808
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : LogParabolaSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    amplitude                     :   1.28e-13   +/- 1.1e-14 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   2145.829       MeV
    alpha                         :      1.732   +/-    0.10
    beta                          :      0.086   +/-    0.04
    lon_0                         :    359.639   +/-    0.01 deg
    lat_0                         :    -18.141   +/-    0.01 deg

Component 14: SkyModel

  Name                      : 4FGL J2359.3-2049
  Datasets names            : None
  Spectral model type       : PowerLawSpectralModel
  Spatial  model type       : PointSpatialModel
  Temporal model type       :
  Parameters:
    index                         :      1.984   +/-    0.08
    amplitude                     :   5.20e-14   +/- 5.2e-15 1 / (cm2 MeV s)
    reference             (frozen):   2594.250       MeV
    lon_0                         :    359.836   +/-    0.02 deg
    lat_0                         :    -20.819   +/-    0.02 deg

Specificities of the HGPS catalog#

Using the to_models() method for the SourceCatalogHGPS will return only the models components of the sources retained in the main catalog, several candidate objects appears only in the Gaussian components table (see section 4.9 of the HGPS paper, https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02432). To access these components you can do the following:

There is no spectral model available for these components but you can access their spatial models:

discarded_spatial = [
    catalog_hgps.gaussian_component(idx).spatial_model() for idx in discarded_ind
]

In addition to the source components the HGPS catalog include a large scale diffuse component built by fitting a gaussian model in a sliding window along the Galactic plane. Information on this model can be accessed via the propoerties table_large_scale_component and large_scale_component of SourceCatalogHGPS.

# here we show the 5 first elements of the table
display(catalog_hgps.table_large_scale_component[:5])
# you can also try :
# help(catalog_hgps.large_scale_component)
   GLON       GLAT   GLAT_Err ... Surface_Brightness_Err  Width   Width_Err
   deg        deg      deg    ...     1 / (cm2 s sr)       deg       deg
---------- --------- -------- ... ---------------------- -------- ---------
270.000000  0.205357 0.251932 ...           4.064108e-10 0.269385  0.137990
272.959198 -0.120154 0.058201 ...           7.346488e-10 0.088742  0.041882
275.918365 -0.095232 0.089881 ...           6.117877e-10 0.167219  0.111797
278.877563 -0.257642 0.065071 ...           5.230542e-10 0.156525  0.056130
281.836731 -0.283487 0.066442 ...           4.336444e-10 0.205192  0.049676

Flux points#

The flux points are available via the flux_points property as a FluxPoints object.

FluxPoints
----------

  geom                   : RegionGeom
  axes                   : ['lon', 'lat', 'energy']
  shape                  : (1, 1, 8)
  quantities             : ['norm', 'norm_errp', 'norm_errn', 'norm_ul', 'sqrt_ts', 'is_ul']
  ref. model             : lp
  n_sigma                : 1
  n_sigma_ul             : 2
  sqrt_ts_threshold_ul   : 1
  sed type init          : flux
display(flux_points.to_table(sed_type="flux"))
      e_ref              e_min              e_max        ...  sqrt_ts  is_ul
       MeV                MeV                MeV         ...
------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ... --------- -----
 70.71067811865471  49.99999999999999  99.99999999999994 ...  2.961729 False
 173.2050807568876  99.99999999999994 299.99999999999994 ... 25.350155 False
 547.7225575051659 299.99999999999994  999.9999999999999 ... 93.123116 False
1732.0508075688763  999.9999999999999 2999.9999999999977 ... 134.43538 False
 5477.225575051656 2999.9999999999977   9999.99999999999 ... 129.33427 False
17320.508075688766   9999.99999999999  30000.00000000001 ...  91.40714 False
54772.255750516626  30000.00000000001 100000.00000000003 ... 59.852314 False
316227.76601683814 100000.00000000003  999999.9999999995 ... 29.674353 False
flux_points.plot(sed_type="e2dnde")
plt.show()
catalog

Lightcurves#

The Fermi catalogs contain lightcurves for each source. It is available via the source.lightcurve method as a FluxPoints object with a time axis.

lightcurve = catalog_4fgl["4FGL J0349.8-2103"].lightcurve()

print(lightcurve)
FluxPoints
----------

  geom                   : RegionGeom
  axes                   : ['lon', 'lat', 'energy', 'time']
  shape                  : (1, 1, 1, 12)
  quantities             : ['norm', 'norm_errp', 'norm_errn', 'norm_ul', 'ts']
  ref. model             : lp
  n_sigma                : 1
  n_sigma_ul             : 2
  sqrt_ts_threshold_ul   : 1
  sed type init          : flux
display(lightcurve.to_table(format="lightcurve", sed_type="flux"))
     time_min           time_max            e_ref        ...  sqrt_ts  is_ul
                                             MeV         ...
------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ... --------- -----
 54682.65603794185 55045.301668796295 3872.9833462074166 ... 30.332916 False
55045.301668796295  55410.57944657407 3872.9833462074166 ... 13.702817 False
 55410.57944657407  55775.85722435185 3872.9833462074166 ...   6.40809 False
 55775.85722435185  56141.13500212963 3872.9833462074166 ...  8.410365 False
 56141.13500212963 56506.412779907405 3872.9833462074166 ...  8.440284 False
56506.412779907405 56871.690557685186 3872.9833462074166 ... 10.094164 False
56871.690557685186  57236.96833546296 3872.9833462074166 ... 13.103473 False
 57236.96833546296  57602.24611324074 3872.9833462074166 ... 5.9435167 False
 57602.24611324074 57967.523891018514 3872.9833462074166 ...  7.861615 False
57967.523891018514 58332.801668796295 3872.9833462074166 ...   9.68207 False
58332.801668796295  58698.07944657407 3872.9833462074166 ...  4.562178 False
 58698.07944657407  59063.35722435185 3872.9833462074166 ... 5.4070954 False
catalog

Pretty-print source information#

A source object has a nice string representation that you can print.

source = catalog_hgps["MSH 15-52"]
print(source)
*** Basic info ***

Catalog row index (zero-based) : 18
Source name          : HESS J1514-591
Analysis reference   : HGPS
Source class         : PWN
Identified object    : MSH 15-52
Gamma-Cat id         : 79


*** Info from map analysis ***

RA                   :  228.499 deg = 15h14m00s
DEC                  :  -59.161 deg = -59d09m41s
GLON                 :  320.315 +/- 0.008 deg
GLAT                 :   -1.188 +/- 0.007 deg
Position Error (68%) : 0.020 deg
Position Error (95%) : 0.033 deg
ROI number           : 13
Spatial model        : 3-Gaussian
Spatial components   : HGPSC 023, HGPSC 024, HGPSC 025
TS                   : 1763.4
sqrt(TS)             : 42.0
Size                 : 0.145 +/- 0.026 (UL: 0.000) deg
R70                  : 0.215 deg
RSpec                : 0.215 deg
Total model excess   : 3502.8
Excess in RSpec      : 2440.5
Model Excess in RSpec : 2414.3
Background in RSpec  : 1052.5
Livetime             : 41.4 hours
Energy threshold     : 0.61 TeV
Source flux (>1 TeV) : (6.434 +/- 0.211) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 = (28.47 +/- 0.94) % Crab

Fluxes in RSpec (> 1 TeV):
Map measurement                : 4.552 x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 = 20.14 % Crab
Source model                   : 4.505 x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 = 19.94 % Crab
Other component model          : 0.000 x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 =  0.00 % Crab
Large scale component model    : 0.000 x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 =  0.00 % Crab
Total model                    : 4.505 x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 = 19.94 % Crab
Containment in RSpec                :  70.0 %
Contamination in RSpec              :   0.0 %
Flux correction (RSpec -> Total)    : 142.8 %
Flux correction (Total -> RSpec)    :  70.0 %

*** Info from spectral analysis ***

Livetime             : 13.7 hours
Energy range:        : 0.38 to 61.90 TeV
Background           : 1825.9
Excess               : 2061.1
Spectral model       : ECPL
TS ECPL over PL      : 10.2
Best-fit model flux(> 1 TeV) : (5.720 +/- 0.417) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1  = (25.31 +/- 1.84) % Crab
Best-fit model energy flux(1 to 10 TeV) : (20.779 +/- 1.878) x 10^-12 erg cm^-2 s^-1
Pivot energy         : 1.54 TeV
Flux at pivot energy : (2.579 +/- 0.083) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 TeV^-1  = (11.41 +/- 0.24) % Crab
PL   Flux(> 1 TeV)   : (5.437 +/- 0.186) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1  = (24.06 +/- 0.82) % Crab
PL   Flux(@ 1 TeV)   : (6.868 +/- 0.241) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 TeV^-1  = (30.39 +/- 0.69) % Crab
PL   Index           : 2.26 +/- 0.03
ECPL   Flux(@ 1 TeV) : (6.860 +/- 0.252) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 TeV^-1  = (30.35 +/- 0.72) % Crab
ECPL   Flux(> 1 TeV) : (5.720 +/- 0.417) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1  = (25.31 +/- 1.84) % Crab
ECPL Index           : 2.05 +/- 0.06
ECPL Lambda          : 0.052 +/- 0.014 TeV^-1
ECPL E_cut           : 19.20 +/- 5.01 TeV

*** Flux points info ***

Number of flux points: 6
Flux points table:

e_ref  e_min  e_max        dnde         dnde_errn       dnde_errp        dnde_ul     is_ul
 TeV    TeV    TeV   1 / (cm2 s TeV) 1 / (cm2 s TeV) 1 / (cm2 s TeV) 1 / (cm2 s TeV)
------ ------ ------ --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- -----
 0.562  0.383  0.825       2.439e-11       1.419e-12       1.509e-12       2.732e-11 False
 1.212  0.825  1.778       4.439e-12       2.489e-13       2.654e-13       4.970e-12 False
 2.738  1.778  4.217       7.295e-13       4.788e-14       4.898e-14       8.302e-13 False
 6.190  4.217  9.085       1.305e-13       1.220e-14       1.282e-14       1.571e-13 False
13.991  9.085 21.544       1.994e-14       2.723e-15       2.858e-15       2.588e-14 False
31.623 21.544 46.416       9.474e-16       3.480e-16       4.329e-16       1.919e-15 False

*** Gaussian component info ***

Number of components: 3
Spatial components   : HGPSC 023, HGPSC 024, HGPSC 025

Component HGPSC 023:
GLON                 :  320.303 +/- 0.005 deg
GLAT                 :   -1.124 +/- 0.007 deg
Size                 : 0.057 +/- 0.005 deg
Flux (>1 TeV)        : (2.01 +/- 0.23) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 = (8.9 +/- 1.0) % Crab

Component HGPSC 024:
GLON                 :  320.298 +/- 0.020 deg
GLAT                 :   -1.168 +/- 0.021 deg
Size                 : 0.206 +/- 0.020 deg
Flux (>1 TeV)        : (2.54 +/- 0.29) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 = (11.2 +/- 1.3) % Crab

Component HGPSC 025:
GLON                 :  320.351 +/- 0.005 deg
GLAT                 :   -1.284 +/- 0.007 deg
Size                 : 0.055 +/- 0.005 deg
Flux (>1 TeV)        : (1.88 +/- 0.22) x 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1 = (8.3 +/- 1.0) % Crab


*** Source associations info ***

  Source_Name    Association_Catalog    Association_Name   Separation
                                                              deg
---------------- ------------------- --------------------- ----------
  HESS J1514-591                2FHL    2FHL J1514.0-5915e   0.098903
  HESS J1514-591                3FGL     3FGL J1513.9-5908   0.026914
  HESS J1514-591                3FGL    3FGL J1514.0-5915e   0.094834
  HESS J1514-591                COMP            G320.4-1.2   0.070483
  HESS J1514-591                 PSR              B1509-58   0.026891

*** Source identification info ***

Source_Name: HESS J1514-591
Identified_Object: MSH 15-52
Class: PWN
Evidence: Morphology
Reference: 2005A%26A...435L..17A
Distance_Reference: SNRCat
Distance: 5.199999809265137 kpc
Distance_Min: 3.799999952316284 kpc
Distance_Max: 6.599999904632568 kpc

You can also call source.info() instead and pass as an option what information to print. The options available depend on the catalog, you can learn about them using help()

Help on method info in module gammapy.catalog.hess:

info(info='all') method of gammapy.catalog.hess.SourceCatalogObjectHGPS instance
    Info string.

    Parameters
    ----------
    info : {'all', 'basic', 'map', 'spec', 'flux_points', 'components', 'associations', 'id'}
        Comma separated list of options
print(source.info("associations"))
*** Source associations info ***

  Source_Name    Association_Catalog    Association_Name   Separation
                                                              deg
---------------- ------------------- --------------------- ----------
  HESS J1514-591                2FHL    2FHL J1514.0-5915e   0.098903
  HESS J1514-591                3FGL     3FGL J1513.9-5908   0.026914
  HESS J1514-591                3FGL    3FGL J1514.0-5915e   0.094834
  HESS J1514-591                COMP            G320.4-1.2   0.070483
  HESS J1514-591                 PSR              B1509-58   0.026891

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