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Spectral models in Gammapy

Introduction

This notebook explains how to use the functions and classes in gammapy.spectrum.models in order to work with spectral models.

The following clases will be used:

Setup

Same procedure as in every script …

[1]:
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
[2]:
import numpy as np
import astropy.units as u
from gammapy.spectrum import models
from gammapy.utils.fitting import Parameter, Parameters

Create a model

To create a spectral model, instantiate an object of the spectral model class you’re interested in.

[3]:
pwl = models.PowerLaw()
print(pwl)
PowerLaw

Parameters:

           name     value   error      unit      min max frozen
        --------- --------- ----- -------------- --- --- ------
            index 2.000e+00   nan                nan nan  False
        amplitude 1.000e-12   nan cm-2 s-1 TeV-1 nan nan  False
        reference 1.000e+00   nan            TeV nan nan   True

This will use default values for the model parameters, which is rarely what you want.

Usually you will want to specify the parameters on object creation. One way to do this is to pass astropy.utils.Quantity objects like this:

[4]:
pwl = models.PowerLaw(
    index=2.3, amplitude=1e-12 * u.Unit("cm-2 s-1 TeV-1"), reference=1 * u.TeV
)
print(pwl)
PowerLaw

Parameters:

           name     value   error      unit      min max frozen
        --------- --------- ----- -------------- --- --- ------
            index 2.300e+00   nan                nan nan  False
        amplitude 1.000e-12   nan cm-2 s-1 TeV-1 nan nan  False
        reference 1.000e+00   nan            TeV nan nan   True

As you see, some of the parameters have default min and values as well as a frozen flag. This is only relevant in the context of spectral fitting and thus covered in spectrum_analysis.ipynb. Also, the parameter errors are not set. This will be covered later in this tutorial.

Get and set model parameters

The model parameters are stored in the Parameters object on the spectal model. Each model parameter is a Parameter instance. It has a value and a unit attribute, as well as a quantity property for convenience.

[5]:
print(pwl.parameters)
Parameters
Parameter(name='index', value=2.3, factor=2.3, scale=1.0, unit='', min=nan, max=nan, frozen=False)
Parameter(name='amplitude', value=1e-12, factor=1e-12, scale=1.0, unit='cm-2 s-1 TeV-1', min=nan, max=nan, frozen=False)
Parameter(name='reference', value=1.0, factor=1.0, scale=1.0, unit='TeV', min=nan, max=nan, frozen=True)

covariance:
None
[6]:
print(pwl.parameters["index"])
pwl.parameters["index"].value = 2.6
print(pwl.parameters["index"])
Parameter(name='index', value=2.3, factor=2.3, scale=1.0, unit='', min=nan, max=nan, frozen=False)
Parameter(name='index', value=2.6, factor=2.6, scale=1.0, unit='', min=nan, max=nan, frozen=False)
[7]:
print(pwl.parameters["amplitude"])
pwl.parameters["amplitude"].quantity = 2e-12 * u.Unit("m-2 TeV-1 s-1")
print(pwl.parameters["amplitude"])
Parameter(name='amplitude', value=1e-12, factor=1e-12, scale=1.0, unit='cm-2 s-1 TeV-1', min=nan, max=nan, frozen=False)
Parameter(name='amplitude', value=2e-12, factor=2e-12, scale=1.0, unit='m-2 s-1 TeV-1', min=nan, max=nan, frozen=False)

List available models

All spectral models in gammapy are subclasses of SpectralModel. The list of available models is shown below.

[8]:
models.SpectralModel.__subclasses__()
[8]:
[gammapy.spectrum.models.ConstantModel,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.CompoundSpectralModel,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.PowerLaw,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.PowerLaw2,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.ExponentialCutoffPowerLaw,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.ExponentialCutoffPowerLaw3FGL,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.PLSuperExpCutoff3FGL,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.LogParabola,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.TableModel,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.ScaleModel,
 gammapy.spectrum.models.AbsorbedSpectralModel,
 gammapy.spectrum.crab.MeyerCrabModel]

Plotting

In order to plot a model you can use the plot function. It expects an energy range as argument. You can also chose flux and energy units as well as an energy power for the plot

[9]:
energy_range = [0.1, 10] * u.TeV
pwl.plot(energy_range, energy_power=2, energy_unit="GeV")
[9]:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1a16a6c6d8>
../_images/notebooks_spectrum_models_18_1.png

Parameter errors

Parameters are stored internally as covariance matrix. There are, however, convenience methods to set individual parameter errors.

[10]:
pwl.parameters.set_parameter_errors(
    {"index": 0.2, "amplitude": 0.1 * pwl.parameters["amplitude"].quantity}
)
print(pwl)
PowerLaw

Parameters:

           name     value     error        unit     min max frozen
        --------- --------- --------- ------------- --- --- ------
            index 2.600e+00 2.000e-01               nan nan  False
        amplitude 2.000e-12 2.000e-13 m-2 s-1 TeV-1 nan nan  False
        reference 1.000e+00 0.000e+00           TeV nan nan   True

Covariance:

           name     index   amplitude reference
        --------- --------- --------- ---------
            index 4.000e-02 0.000e+00 0.000e+00
        amplitude 0.000e+00 4.000e-26 0.000e+00
        reference 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00

You can access the parameter errors like this

[11]:
pwl.parameters.covariance
[11]:
array([[4.e-02, 0.e+00, 0.e+00],
       [0.e+00, 4.e-26, 0.e+00],
       [0.e+00, 0.e+00, 0.e+00]])
[12]:
pwl.parameters.error("index")
[12]:
0.2

You can plot the butterfly using the plot_error method.

[13]:
ax = pwl.plot_error(energy_range, color="blue", alpha=0.2)
pwl.plot(energy_range, ax=ax, color="blue");
../_images/notebooks_spectrum_models_25_0.png

Integral fluxes

You’ve probably asked yourself already, if it’s possible to integrated models. Yes, it is. Where analytical solutions are available, these are used by default. Otherwise, a numerical integration is performed.

[14]:
pwl.integral(emin=1 * u.TeV, emax=10 * u.TeV)
[14]:
$$1.2186014 \times 10^{-12} \; \mathrm{\frac{1}{s\,m^{2}}}$$

User-defined model

Now we’ll see how you can define a custom model. To do that you need to subclass SpectralModel. All SpectralModel subclasses need to have an __init__ function, which sets up the Parameters of the model and a static function called evaluate where the mathematical expression for the model is defined.

As an example we will use a PowerLaw plus a Gaussian (with fixed width).

[15]:
class UserModel(models.SpectralModel):
    def __init__(self, index, amplitude, reference, mean, width):
        self.parameters = Parameters(
            [
                Parameter("index", index, min=0),
                Parameter("amplitude", amplitude, min=0),
                Parameter("reference", reference, frozen=True),
                Parameter("mean", mean, min=0),
                Parameter("width", width, min=0, frozen=True),
            ]
        )

    @staticmethod
    def evaluate(energy, index, amplitude, reference, mean, width):
        pwl = models.PowerLaw.evaluate(
            energy=energy,
            index=index,
            amplitude=amplitude,
            reference=reference,
        )
        gauss = amplitude * np.exp(-(energy - mean) ** 2 / (2 * width ** 2))
        return pwl + gauss
[16]:
model = UserModel(
    index=2,
    amplitude=1e-12 * u.Unit("cm-2 s-1 TeV-1"),
    reference=1 * u.TeV,
    mean=5 * u.TeV,
    width=0.2 * u.TeV,
)
print(model)
UserModel

Parameters:

           name     value   error      unit         min    max frozen
        --------- --------- ----- -------------- --------- --- ------
            index 2.000e+00   nan                0.000e+00 nan  False
        amplitude 1.000e-12   nan cm-2 s-1 TeV-1 0.000e+00 nan  False
        reference 1.000e+00   nan            TeV       nan nan   True
             mean 5.000e+00   nan            TeV 0.000e+00 nan  False
            width 2.000e-01   nan            TeV 0.000e+00 nan   True
[17]:
energy_range = [1, 10] * u.TeV
model.plot(energy_range=energy_range);
../_images/notebooks_spectrum_models_31_0.png

What’s next?

In this tutorial we learnd how to work with spectral models.

Go to gammapy.spectrum to learn more.