WcsGeom¶

class gammapy.maps.WcsGeom(wcs, npix, cdelt=None, crpix=None, axes=None, conv='gadf')[source]¶

Bases: gammapy.maps.MapGeom

Geometry class for WCS maps.

This class encapsulates both the WCS transformation object and the the image extent (number of pixels in each dimension). Provides methods for accessing the properties of the WCS object and performing transformations between pixel and world coordinates.

Parameters:

wcs : WCS: WCS projection object
npix : tuple: Number of pixels in each spatial dimension
cdelt : tuple: Pixel size in each image plane. If none then a constant pixel size will be used.
crpix : tuple: Reference pixel coordinate in each image plane.
axes : list: Axes for non-spatial dimensions
conv : {‘gadf’, ‘fgst-ccube’, ‘fgst-template’}: Serialization format convention. This sets the default format that will be used when writing this geometry to a file.

Attributes Summary

`axes`	List of non-spatial axes.
`center_coord`	Map coordinate of the center of the geometry.
`center_pix`	Pixel coordinate of the center of the geometry.
`center_skydir`	Sky coordinate of the center of the geometry.
`conv`	Name of default FITS convention associated with this geometry.
`coordsys`	Coordinate system of the projection.
`data_shape`	Shape of the Numpy data array matching this geometry.
`is_allsky`	Flag for all-sky maps.
`is_hpx`
`is_image`	Whether the geom is equivalent to an image without extra dimensions.
`is_regular`	Is this geometry is regular in non-spatial dimensions (bool)?
`ndim`
`npix`	Tuple with image dimension in pixels in longitude and latitude.
`pixel_area`	Pixel area in deg^2.
`pixel_scales`	Pixel scale.
`projection`	Map projection.
`shape_axes`	Shape of non-spatial axes.
`wcs`	WCS projection object.
`width`	Tuple with image dimension in deg in longitude and latitude.

Methods Summary

`contains`(self, coords)	Check if a given map coordinate is contained in the geometry.
`contains_pix`(self, pix)	Check if a given pixel coordinate is contained in the geometry.
`coord_to_idx`(self, coords[, clip])	Convert map coordinates to pixel indices.
`coord_to_pix`(self, coords)	Convert map coordinates to pixel coordinates.
`coord_to_tuple`(self, coord)	Generate a coordinate tuple compatible with this geometry.
`copy`(self, \\kwargs)	Copy `MapGeom` instance and overwrite given attributes.
`create`([npix, binsz, proj, coordsys, …])	Create a WCS geometry object.
`crop`(self, crop_width)	Crop the geometry at the edges.
`cutout`(self, position, width[, mode])	Create a cutout around a given position.
`downsample`(self, factor[, axis])	Downsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.
`energy_mask`(self[, emin, emax])	Create a mask for a given energy range.
`from_hdulist`(hdulist[, hdu, hdu_bands])	Load a geometry object from a FITS HDUList.
`from_header`(header[, hdu_bands])	Create a WCS geometry object from a FITS header.
`get_axis_by_name`(self, name)	Get an axis by name (case in-sensitive).
`get_axis_index_by_name`(self, name)	Get an axis index by name (case in-sensitive).
`get_coord`(self[, idx, flat, mode])	Get map coordinates from the geometry.
`get_idx`(self[, idx, flat])	Get tuple of pixel indices for this geometry.
`get_image_shape`(self, idx)	Get the shape of the image plane at index `idx`.
`get_pix`(self[, idx, mode])	Get map pix coordinates from the geometry.
`make_bands_hdu`(self[, hdu, hdu_skymap, conv])
`make_header`(self)
`pad`(self, pad_width)	Pad the geometry at the edges.
`pix_to_coord`(self, pix)	Convert pixel coordinates to map coordinates.
`pix_to_idx`(self, pix[, clip])	Convert pixel coordinates to pixel indices.
`region_mask`(self, regions[, inside])	Create a mask from a given list of regions
`separation`(self, center)	Compute sky separation wrt a given center.
`slice_by_idx`(self, slices)	Create a new geometry by slicing the non-spatial axes.
`solid_angle`(self)	Solid angle array (`Quantity` in `sr`).
`to_cube`(self, axes)	Append non-spatial axes to create a higher-dimensional geometry.
`to_image`(self)	Create 2D image geometry (drop non-spatial dimensions).
`upsample`(self, factor[, axis])	Upsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.

Attributes Documentation

axes¶: List of non-spatial axes.

center_coord¶

Map coordinate of the center of the geometry.

Returns:	coord : tuple

center_pix¶

Pixel coordinate of the center of the geometry.

Returns:	pix : tuple

center_skydir¶

Sky coordinate of the center of the geometry.

Returns:	pix : `SkyCoord`

conv¶: Name of default FITS convention associated with this geometry.

coordsys¶

Coordinate system of the projection.

Galactic (‘GAL’) or Equatorial (‘CEL’).

data_shape¶: Shape of the Numpy data array matching this geometry.

is_allsky¶: Flag for all-sky maps.

is_hpx = False¶

is_image¶: Whether the geom is equivalent to an image without extra dimensions.

is_regular¶

Is this geometry is regular in non-spatial dimensions (bool)?

False for multi-resolution or irregular geometries.
True if all image planes have the same pixel geometry.

ndim¶

npix¶: Tuple with image dimension in pixels in longitude and latitude.

pixel_area¶: Pixel area in deg^2.

pixel_scales¶

Pixel scale.

Returns angles along each axis of the image at the CRPIX location once it is projected onto the plane of intermediate world coordinates.

Returns:	angle: `Angle`

projection¶: Map projection.

shape_axes¶: Shape of non-spatial axes.

wcs¶: WCS projection object.

width¶: Tuple with image dimension in deg in longitude and latitude.

Methods Documentation

contains(self, coords)[source]¶

Check if a given map coordinate is contained in the geometry.

Parameters:	coords : tuple or `MapCoord` Tuple of map coordinates.
Returns:	containment : `ndarray` Bool array.

contains_pix(self, pix)¶

Check if a given pixel coordinate is contained in the geometry.

Parameters:	pix : tuple Tuple of pixel coordinates.
Returns:	containment : `ndarray` Bool array.

coord_to_idx(self, coords, clip=False)¶

Convert map coordinates to pixel indices.

Parameters:

coords : tuple or MapCoord: Coordinate values in each dimension of the map. This can either be a tuple of numpy arrays or a MapCoord object. If passed as a tuple then the ordering should be (longitude, latitude, c_0, …, c_N) where c_i is the coordinate vector for axis i.
clip : bool: Choose whether to clip indices to the valid range of the geometry. If false then indices for coordinates outside the geometry range will be set -1.

Returns:

pix : tuple: Tuple of pixel indices in image and band dimensions. Elements set to -1 correspond to coordinates outside the map.

coord_to_pix(self, coords)[source]¶

Convert map coordinates to pixel coordinates.

Parameters:	coords : tuple Coordinate values in each dimension of the map. This can either be a tuple of numpy arrays or a MapCoord object. If passed as a tuple then the ordering should be (longitude, latitude, c_0, …, c_N) where c_i is the coordinate vector for axis i.
Returns:	pix : tuple Tuple of pixel coordinates in image and band dimensions.

coord_to_tuple(self, coord)¶

Generate a coordinate tuple compatible with this geometry.

Parameters:	coord : `MapCoord`

copy(self, **kwargs)¶

Copy MapGeom instance and overwrite given attributes.

Parameters:	**kwargs : dict Keyword arguments to overwrite in the map geometry constructor.
Returns:	copy : `MapGeom` Copied map geometry.

classmethod create(npix=None, binsz=0.5, proj='CAR', coordsys='CEL', refpix=None, axes=None, skydir=None, width=None, conv='gadf')[source]¶

Create a WCS geometry object.

Pixelization of the map is set with binsz and one of either npix or width arguments. For maps with non-spatial dimensions a different pixelization can be used for each image plane by passing a list or array argument for any of the pixelization parameters. If both npix and width are None then an all-sky geometry will be created.

Parameters:

npix : int or tuple or list: Width of the map in pixels. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different map width in each image plane. This option supersedes width.
width : float or tuple or list: Width of the map in degrees. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different map width in each image plane.
binsz : float or tuple or list: Map pixel size in degrees. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different bin size in each image plane.
skydir : tuple or SkyCoord: Sky position of map center. Can be either a SkyCoord object or a tuple of longitude and latitude in deg in the coordinate system of the map.
coordsys : {‘CEL’, ‘GAL’}, optional: Coordinate system, either Galactic (‘GAL’) or Equatorial (‘CEL’).
axes : list: List of non-spatial axes.
proj : string, optional: Any valid WCS projection type. Default is ‘CAR’ (cartesian).
refpix : tuple: Reference pixel of the projection. If None this will be set to the center of the map.
conv : string, optional: FITS format convention (‘fgst-ccube’, ‘fgst-template’, ‘gadf’). Default is ‘gadf’.

Returns:

geom : WcsGeom: A WCS geometry object.

Examples

>>> from gammapy.maps import WcsGeom
>>> from gammapy.maps import MapAxis
>>> axis = MapAxis.from_bounds(0,1,2)
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=(100,100), binsz=0.1)
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=[100,200], binsz=[0.1,0.05], axes=[axis])
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(width=[5.0,8.0], binsz=[0.1,0.05], axes=[axis])
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=([100,200],[100,200]), binsz=0.1, axes=[axis])

crop(self, crop_width)[source]¶

Crop the geometry at the edges.

Parameters:	crop_width : {sequence, array_like, int} Number of values cropped from the edges of each axis.
Returns:	geom : `MapGeom` Cropped geometry.

cutout(self, position, width, mode='trim')[source]¶

Create a cutout around a given position.

Parameters:	position : `SkyCoord` Center position of the cutout region. width : tuple of `Angle` Angular sizes of the region in (lon, lat) in that specific order. If only one value is passed, a square region is extracted. mode : {‘trim’, ‘partial’, ‘strict’} Mode option for Cutout2D, for details see `Cutout2D`.
Returns:	cutout : `WcsNDMap` Cutout map

downsample(self, factor, axis=None)[source]¶

Downsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.

Parameters:	factor : int Downsampling factor. axis : str Axis to downsample.
Returns:	geom : `MapGeom` Downsampled geometry.

energy_mask(self, emin=None, emax=None)¶

Create a mask for a given energy range.

Parameters:	emin, emax : `Quantity` Energy range

classmethod from_hdulist(hdulist, hdu=None, hdu_bands=None)¶

Load a geometry object from a FITS HDUList.

Parameters:	hdulist : `HDUList` HDU list containing HDUs for map data and bands. hdu : str Name or index of the HDU with the map data. hdu_bands : str Name or index of the HDU with the BANDS table. If not defined this will be inferred from the FITS header of the map HDU.
Returns:	geom : `MapGeom` Geometry object.

classmethod from_header(header, hdu_bands=None)[source]¶

Create a WCS geometry object from a FITS header.

Parameters:	header : `Header` The FITS header hdu_bands : `BinTableHDU` The BANDS table HDU.
Returns:	wcs : `WcsGeom` WCS geometry object.

get_axis_by_name(self, name)¶

Get an axis by name (case in-sensitive).

Parameters:	name : str Name of the requested axis
Returns:	axis : `MapAxis` Axis

get_axis_index_by_name(self, name)¶

Get an axis index by name (case in-sensitive).

Parameters:	name : str Axis name
Returns:	index : int Axis index

get_coord(self, idx=None, flat=False, mode='center')[source]¶

Get map coordinates from the geometry.

Parameters:	mode : {‘center’, ‘edges’} Get center or edge coordinates for the spatial axes.
Returns:	coord : `MapCoord` Map coordinate object.

get_idx(self, idx=None, flat=False)[source]¶

Get tuple of pixel indices for this geometry.

Returns all pixels in the geometry by default. Pixel indices for a single image plane can be accessed by setting idx to the index tuple of a plane.

Parameters:

idx : tuple, optional: A tuple of indices with one index for each non-spatial dimension. If defined only pixels for the image plane with this index will be returned. If none then all pixels will be returned.
local : bool: Flag to return local or global pixel indices. Local indices run from 0 to the number of pixels in a given image plane.
flat : bool, optional: Return a flattened array containing only indices for pixels contained in the geometry.

Returns:

idx : tuple: Tuple of pixel index vectors with one vector for each dimension.

get_image_shape(self, idx)[source]¶: Get the shape of the image plane at index idx.

get_pix(self, idx=None, mode='center')[source]¶

Get map pix coordinates from the geometry.

Parameters:	mode : {‘center’, ‘edges’} Get center or edge pix coordinates for the spatial axes.
Returns:	coord : tuple Map pix coordinate tuple.

make_bands_hdu(self, hdu=None, hdu_skymap=None, conv=None)¶

make_header(self)[source]¶

pad(self, pad_width)[source]¶

Pad the geometry at the edges.

Parameters:	pad_width : {sequence, array_like, int} Number of values padded to the edges of each axis.
Returns:	geom : `MapGeom` Padded geometry.

pix_to_coord(self, pix)[source]¶

Convert pixel coordinates to map coordinates.

Parameters:	pix : tuple Tuple of pixel coordinates.
Returns:	coords : tuple Tuple of map coordinates.

pix_to_idx(self, pix, clip=False)[source]¶

Convert pixel coordinates to pixel indices.

Returns -1 for pixel coordinates that lie outside of the map.

Parameters:	pix : tuple Tuple of pixel coordinates. clip : bool Choose whether to clip indices to the valid range of the geometry. If false then indices for coordinates outside the geometry range will be set -1.
Returns:	idx : tuple Tuple of pixel indices.

region_mask(self, regions, inside=True)[source]¶

Create a mask from a given list of regions

Parameters:	regions : list of `Region` Python list of regions (pixel or sky regions accepted) inside : bool For `inside=True`, pixels in the region to True (the default). For `inside=False`, pixels in the region are False.
Returns:	mask_map : `ndarray` of boolean type Boolean region mask

Examples

Make an exclusion mask for a circular region:

from regions import CircleSkyRegion
from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord, Angle
from gammapy.maps import WcsNDMap, WcsGeom

pos = SkyCoord(0, 0, unit='deg')
geom = WcsGeom.create(skydir=pos, npix=100, binsz=0.1)

region = CircleSkyRegion(
    SkyCoord(3, 2, unit='deg'),
    Angle(1, 'deg'),
)
mask = geom.region_mask([region], inside=False)

Note how we made a list with a single region, since this method expects a list of regions.

The return mask is a boolean Numpy array. If you want a map object (e.g. for storing in FITS or plotting), this is how you can make the map:

mask_map = WcsNDMap(geom=geom, data=mask)
mask_map.plot()

separation(self, center)[source]¶

Compute sky separation wrt a given center.

Parameters:	center : `SkyCoord` Center position
Returns:	separation : `Angle` Separation angle array (2D)

slice_by_idx(self, slices)¶

Create a new geometry by slicing the non-spatial axes.

Parameters:	slices : dict Dict of axes names and integers or `slice` object pairs. Contains one element for each non-spatial dimension. For integer indexing the correspoding axes is dropped from the map. Axes not specified in the dict are kept unchanged.
Returns:	geom : `MapGeom` Sliced geometry.

solid_angle(self)[source]¶

Solid angle array (Quantity in sr).

The array has the same dimension as the WcsGeom object.

To return solid angles for the spatial dimensions only use:

WcsGeom.to_image().solid_angle()

to_cube(self, axes)[source]¶

Append non-spatial axes to create a higher-dimensional geometry.

This will result in a new geometry with N+M dimensions where N is the number of current dimensions and M is the number of axes in the list.

Parameters:	axes : list Axes that will be appended to this geometry.
Returns:	geom : `MapGeom` Map geometry.

to_image(self)[source]¶

Create 2D image geometry (drop non-spatial dimensions).

Returns:	geom : `MapGeom` Image geometry.

upsample(self, factor, axis=None)[source]¶

Upsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.

Parameters:	factor : int Upsampling factor. axis : str Axis to upsample.
Returns:	geom : `MapGeom` Upsampled geometry.