WcsGeom¶

class gammapy.maps.WcsGeom(wcs, npix, cdelt=None, crpix=None, axes=None, cutout_info=None)[source]¶

Bases: gammapy.maps.Geom

Geometry class for WCS maps.

This class encapsulates both the WCS transformation object and the the image extent (number of pixels in each dimension). Provides methods for accessing the properties of the WCS object and performing transformations between pixel and world coordinates.

Parameters

wcsWCS: WCS projection object
npixtuple: Number of pixels in each spatial dimension
cdelttuple: Pixel size in each image plane. If none then a constant pixel size will be used.
crpixtuple: Reference pixel coordinate in each image plane.
axeslist: Axes for non-spatial dimensions
cutout_infodict: Dict with cutout info, if the WcsGeom was created by WcsGeom.cutout()

Attributes Summary

`axes`	List of non-spatial axes.
`axes_names`
`center_coord`	Map coordinate of the center of the geometry.
`center_pix`	Pixel coordinate of the center of the geometry.
`center_skydir`	Sky coordinate of the center of the geometry.
`cutout_info`	Cutout info dict.
`data_shape`	Shape of the Numpy data array matching this geometry.
`frame`	Coordinate system of the projection.
`is_allsky`	Flag for all-sky maps.
`is_hpx`
`is_image`	Whether the geom is equivalent to an image without extra dimensions.
`is_regular`	Is this geometry is regular in non-spatial dimensions (bool)?
`ndim`
`npix`	Tuple with image dimension in pixels in longitude and latitude.
`pixel_area`	Pixel area in deg^2.
`pixel_scales`	Pixel scale.
`projection`	Map projection.
`shape_axes`	Shape of non-spatial axes.
`wcs`	WCS projection object.
`width`	Tuple with image dimension in deg in longitude and latitude.

Methods Summary

`bin_volume`(self)	Bin volume (`Quantity`)
`contains`(self, coords)	Check if a given map coordinate is contained in the geometry.
`contains_pix`(self, pix)	Check if a given pixel coordinate is contained in the geometry.
`coord_to_idx`(self, coords[, clip])	Convert map coordinates to pixel indices.
`coord_to_pix`(self, coords)	Convert map coordinates to pixel coordinates.
`coord_to_tuple`(self, coord)	Generate a coordinate tuple compatible with this geometry.
`copy`(self, \\kwargs)	Copy and overwrite given attributes.
`create`([npix, binsz, proj, frame, refpix, …])	Create a WCS geometry object.
`crop`(self, crop_width)	Crop the geometry at the edges.
`cutout`(self, position, width[, mode])	Create a cutout around a given position.
`downsample`(self, factor[, axis])	Downsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.
`drop`(self, axis)	Drop an axis from the geom.
`energy_mask`(self[, emin, emax])	Create a mask for a given energy range.
`from_hdulist`(hdulist[, hdu, hdu_bands])	Load a geometry object from a FITS HDUList.
`from_header`(header[, hdu_bands])	Create a WCS geometry object from a FITS header.
`get_axis_by_name`(self, name)	Get an axis by name (case in-sensitive).
`get_axis_index_by_name`(self, name)	Get an axis index by name (case in-sensitive).
`get_coord`(self[, idx, flat, mode, frame])	Get map coordinates from the geometry.
`get_idx`(self[, idx, flat])	Get tuple of pixel indices for this geometry.
`get_image_shape`(self, idx)	Get the shape of the image plane at index `idx`.
`get_pix`(self[, idx, mode])	Get map pix coordinates from the geometry.
`is_aligned`(self, other[, tolerance])	Check if WCS and extra axes are aligned.
`make_bands_hdu`(self[, hdu, hdu_skymap, conv])
`make_header`(self)
`pad`(self, pad_width)	Pad the geometry at the edges.
`pix_to_coord`(self, pix)	Convert pixel coordinates to map coordinates.
`pix_to_idx`(self, pix[, clip])	Convert pixel coordinates to pixel indices.
`region_mask`(self, regions[, inside])	Create a mask from a given list of regions
`separation`(self, center)	Compute sky separation wrt a given center.
`slice_by_idx`(self, slices)	Create a new geometry by slicing the non-spatial axes.
`solid_angle`(self)	Solid angle array (`Quantity` in `sr`).
`squash`(self, axis)	Squash geom axis.
`to_binsz`(self, binsz)	Change pixel size of the geometry.
`to_cube`(self, axes)	Append non-spatial axes to create a higher-dimensional geometry.
`to_image`(self)	Create 2D image geometry (drop non-spatial dimensions).
`upsample`(self, factor[, axis])	Upsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.

Attributes Documentation

axes¶: List of non-spatial axes.

axes_names¶

center_coord¶

Map coordinate of the center of the geometry.

Returns

coordtuple

center_pix¶

Pixel coordinate of the center of the geometry.

Returns

pixtuple

center_skydir¶

Sky coordinate of the center of the geometry.

Returns

pixSkyCoord

cutout_info¶: Cutout info dict.

data_shape¶: Shape of the Numpy data array matching this geometry.

frame¶

Coordinate system of the projection.

Galactic (“galactic”) or Equatorial (“icrs”).

is_allsky¶: Flag for all-sky maps.

is_hpx = False¶

is_image¶: Whether the geom is equivalent to an image without extra dimensions.

is_regular¶

Is this geometry is regular in non-spatial dimensions (bool)?

False for multi-resolution or irregular geometries.
True if all image planes have the same pixel geometry.

ndim¶

npix¶: Tuple with image dimension in pixels in longitude and latitude.

pixel_area¶: Pixel area in deg^2.

pixel_scales¶

Pixel scale.

Returns angles along each axis of the image at the CRPIX location once it is projected onto the plane of intermediate world coordinates.

Returns

angle: Angle

projection¶: Map projection.

shape_axes¶: Shape of non-spatial axes.

wcs¶: WCS projection object.

width¶: Tuple with image dimension in deg in longitude and latitude.

Methods Documentation

bin_volume(self)[source]¶: Bin volume (Quantity)

contains(self, coords)[source]¶

Check if a given map coordinate is contained in the geometry.

Parameters

coordstuple or MapCoord: Tuple of map coordinates.

Returns

containmentndarray: Bool array.

contains_pix(self, pix)¶

Check if a given pixel coordinate is contained in the geometry.

Parameters

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel coordinates.

Returns

containmentndarray: Bool array.

coord_to_idx(self, coords, clip=False)¶

Convert map coordinates to pixel indices.

Parameters

coordstuple or MapCoord: Coordinate values in each dimension of the map. This can either be a tuple of numpy arrays or a MapCoord object. If passed as a tuple then the ordering should be (longitude, latitude, c_0, …, c_N) where c_i is the coordinate vector for axis i.
clipbool: Choose whether to clip indices to the valid range of the geometry. If false then indices for coordinates outside the geometry range will be set -1.

Returns

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel indices in image and band dimensions. Elements set to -1 correspond to coordinates outside the map.

coord_to_pix(self, coords)[source]¶

Convert map coordinates to pixel coordinates.

Parameters

coordstuple: Coordinate values in each dimension of the map. This can either be a tuple of numpy arrays or a MapCoord object. If passed as a tuple then the ordering should be (longitude, latitude, c_0, …, c_N) where c_i is the coordinate vector for axis i.

Returns

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel coordinates in image and band dimensions.

coord_to_tuple(self, coord)¶

Generate a coordinate tuple compatible with this geometry.

Parameters

coordMapCoord

copy(self, **kwargs)¶

Copy and overwrite given attributes.

Parameters

**kwargsdict: Keyword arguments to overwrite in the map geometry constructor.

Returns

copyGeom: Copied map geometry.

classmethod create(npix=None, binsz=0.5, proj='CAR', frame='icrs', refpix=None, axes=None, skydir=None, width=None)[source]¶

Create a WCS geometry object.

Pixelization of the map is set with binsz and one of either npix or width arguments. For maps with non-spatial dimensions a different pixelization can be used for each image plane by passing a list or array argument for any of the pixelization parameters. If both npix and width are None then an all-sky geometry will be created.

Parameters

npixint or tuple or list: Width of the map in pixels. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different map width in each image plane. This option supersedes width.
widthfloat or tuple or list: Width of the map in degrees. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different map width in each image plane.
binszfloat or tuple or list: Map pixel size in degrees. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different bin size in each image plane.
skydirtuple or SkyCoord: Sky position of map center. Can be either a SkyCoord object or a tuple of longitude and latitude in deg in the coordinate system of the map.
frame{“icrs”, “galactic”}, optional: Coordinate system, either Galactic (“galactic”) or Equatorial (“icrs”).
axeslist: List of non-spatial axes.
projstring, optional: Any valid WCS projection type. Default is ‘CAR’ (cartesian).
refpixtuple: Reference pixel of the projection. If None this will be set to the center of the map.

Returns

geomWcsGeom: A WCS geometry object.

Examples

>>> from gammapy.maps import WcsGeom
>>> from gammapy.maps import MapAxis
>>> axis = MapAxis.from_bounds(0,1,2)
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=(100,100), binsz=0.1)
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=[100,200], binsz=[0.1,0.05], axes=[axis])
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(width=[5.0,8.0], binsz=[0.1,0.05], axes=[axis])
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=([100,200],[100,200]), binsz=0.1, axes=[axis])

crop(self, crop_width)[source]¶

Crop the geometry at the edges.

Parameters

crop_width{sequence, array_like, int}: Number of values cropped from the edges of each axis.

Returns

geomGeom: Cropped geometry.

cutout(self, position, width, mode='trim')[source]¶

Create a cutout around a given position.

Parameters

positionSkyCoord: Center position of the cutout region.
widthtuple of Angle: Angular sizes of the region in (lon, lat) in that specific order. If only one value is passed, a square region is extracted.
mode{‘trim’, ‘partial’, ‘strict’}: Mode option for Cutout2D, for details see Cutout2D.

Returns

cutoutWcsNDMap: Cutout map

downsample(self, factor, axis=None)[source]¶

Downsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.

Parameters

factorint: Downsampling factor.
axisstr: Axis to downsample.

Returns

geomGeom: Downsampled geometry.

drop(self, axis)[source]¶

Drop an axis from the geom.

Parameters

axisstr: Name of the axis to remove.

Returns

geomGeom: New geom with the axis removed.

energy_mask(self, emin=None, emax=None)¶

Create a mask for a given energy range.

The energy bin must be fully contained to be included in the mask.

Parameters

emin, emaxQuantity: Energy range

Returns

maskndarray: Energy mask

classmethod from_hdulist(hdulist, hdu=None, hdu_bands=None)¶

Load a geometry object from a FITS HDUList.

Parameters

hdulistHDUList: HDU list containing HDUs for map data and bands.
hdustr: Name or index of the HDU with the map data.
hdu_bandsstr: Name or index of the HDU with the BANDS table. If not defined this will be inferred from the FITS header of the map HDU.

Returns

geomGeom: Geometry object.

classmethod from_header(header, hdu_bands=None)[source]¶

Create a WCS geometry object from a FITS header.

Parameters

headerHeader: The FITS header
hdu_bandsBinTableHDU: The BANDS table HDU.

Returns

wcsWcsGeom: WCS geometry object.

get_axis_by_name(self, name)¶

Get an axis by name (case in-sensitive).

Parameters

namestr: Name of the requested axis

Returns

axisMapAxis: Axis

get_axis_index_by_name(self, name)¶

Get an axis index by name (case in-sensitive).

Parameters

namestr: Axis name

Returns

indexint: Axis index

get_coord(self, idx=None, flat=False, mode='center', frame=None)[source]¶

Get map coordinates from the geometry.

Parameters

mode{‘center’, ‘edges’}: Get center or edge coordinates for the spatial axes.

Returns

coordMapCoord: Map coordinate object.

get_idx(self, idx=None, flat=False)[source]¶

Get tuple of pixel indices for this geometry.

Returns all pixels in the geometry by default. Pixel indices for a single image plane can be accessed by setting idx to the index tuple of a plane.

Parameters

idxtuple, optional: A tuple of indices with one index for each non-spatial dimension. If defined only pixels for the image plane with this index will be returned. If none then all pixels will be returned.
localbool: Flag to return local or global pixel indices. Local indices run from 0 to the number of pixels in a given image plane.
flatbool, optional: Return a flattened array containing only indices for pixels contained in the geometry.

Returns

idxtuple: Tuple of pixel index vectors with one vector for each dimension.

get_image_shape(self, idx)[source]¶: Get the shape of the image plane at index idx.

get_pix(self, idx=None, mode='center')[source]¶

Get map pix coordinates from the geometry.

Parameters

mode{‘center’, ‘edges’}: Get center or edge pix coordinates for the spatial axes.

Returns

coordtuple: Map pix coordinate tuple.

is_aligned(self, other, tolerance=1e-06)[source]¶

Check if WCS and extra axes are aligned.

Parameters

otherWcsGeom: Other geom.
tolerancefloat: Tolerance for the comparison.

Returns

alignedbool: Whether geometries are aligned

make_bands_hdu(self, hdu=None, hdu_skymap=None, conv=None)¶

make_header(self)[source]¶

pad(self, pad_width)[source]¶

Pad the geometry at the edges.

Parameters

pad_width{sequence, array_like, int}: Number of values padded to the edges of each axis.

Returns

geomGeom: Padded geometry.

pix_to_coord(self, pix)[source]¶

Convert pixel coordinates to map coordinates.

Parameters

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel coordinates.

Returns

coordstuple: Tuple of map coordinates.

pix_to_idx(self, pix, clip=False)[source]¶

Convert pixel coordinates to pixel indices.

Returns -1 for pixel coordinates that lie outside of the map.

Parameters

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel coordinates.
clipbool: Choose whether to clip indices to the valid range of the geometry. If false then indices for coordinates outside the geometry range will be set -1.

Returns

idxtuple: Tuple of pixel indices.

region_mask(self, regions, inside=True)[source]¶

Create a mask from a given list of regions

Parameters

regionslist of Region: Python list of regions (pixel or sky regions accepted)
insidebool: For inside=True, pixels in the region to True (the default). For inside=False, pixels in the region are False.

Returns

mask_mapndarray of boolean type: Boolean region mask

Examples

Make an exclusion mask for a circular region:

from regions import CircleSkyRegion
from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord, Angle
from gammapy.maps import WcsNDMap, WcsGeom

pos = SkyCoord(0, 0, unit='deg')
geom = WcsGeom.create(skydir=pos, npix=100, binsz=0.1)

region = CircleSkyRegion(
    SkyCoord(3, 2, unit='deg'),
    Angle(1, 'deg'),
)
mask = geom.region_mask([region], inside=False)

Note how we made a list with a single region, since this method expects a list of regions.

The return mask is a boolean Numpy array. If you want a map object (e.g. for storing in FITS or plotting), this is how you can make the map:

mask_map = WcsNDMap(geom=geom, data=mask)
mask_map.plot()

separation(self, center)[source]¶

Compute sky separation wrt a given center.

Parameters

centerSkyCoord: Center position

Returns

separationAngle: Separation angle array (2D)

slice_by_idx(self, slices)¶

Create a new geometry by slicing the non-spatial axes.

Parameters

slicesdict: Dict of axes names and integers or slice object pairs. Contains one element for each non-spatial dimension. For integer indexing the correspoding axes is dropped from the map. Axes not specified in the dict are kept unchanged.

Returns

geomGeom: Sliced geometry.

solid_angle(self)[source]¶

Solid angle array (Quantity in sr).

The array has the same dimension as the WcsGeom object.

To return solid angles for the spatial dimensions only use:

WcsGeom.to_image().solid_angle()

squash(self, axis)[source]¶

Squash geom axis.

Parameters

axisstr: Axis to squash.

Returns

geomGeom: Geom with squashed axis.

to_binsz(self, binsz)[source]¶

Change pixel size of the geometry.

Parameters

binszfloat or tuple or list: New pixel size in degree.

Returns

geomWcsGeom: Geometry with new pixel size.

to_cube(self, axes)[source]¶

Append non-spatial axes to create a higher-dimensional geometry.

This will result in a new geometry with N+M dimensions where N is the number of current dimensions and M is the number of axes in the list.

Parameters

axeslist: Axes that will be appended to this geometry.

Returns

geomGeom: Map geometry.

to_image(self)[source]¶

Create 2D image geometry (drop non-spatial dimensions).

Returns

geomGeom: Image geometry.

upsample(self, factor, axis=None)[source]¶

Upsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.

Parameters

factorint: Upsampling factor.
axisstr: Axis to upsample.

Returns

geomGeom: Upsampled geometry.