# Licensed under a 3-clause BSD style license - see LICENSE.rst
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
import logging
import numpy as np
from astropy.coordinates import Angle
from astropy.convolution import Tophat2DKernel, CustomKernel
from ..maps import Map
from .lima import compute_lima_image
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
__all__ = ["KernelBackgroundEstimator"]
# TODO: use `Map.copy` or `Map.copy` once available
# instead of the awkward way with `Map.from_geom` and adjusting map data after.
[docs]class KernelBackgroundEstimator(object):
"""Estimate background and exclusion mask iteratively.
Starting from an initial background estimate and exclusion mask
(both provided, optionally) the algorithm works as follows:
1. Compute significance image
2. Create exclusion mask by thresholding significance image
3. Compute improved background estimate based on new exclusion mask
The steps are executed repeatedly until the exclusion mask does not change anymore.
For flexibility the algorithm takes arbitrary source and background kernels.
Parameters
----------
kernel_src : `numpy.ndarray`
Source kernel as a numpy array.
kernel_bkg : `numpy.ndarray`
Background convolution kernel as a numpy array.
significance_threshold : float
Significance threshold above which regions are excluded.
mask_dilation_radius : `~astropy.coordinates.Angle`
Radius by which mask is dilated with each iteration.
keep_record : bool
Keep record of intermediate results while the algorithm runs?
See Also
--------
gammapy.background.RingBackgroundEstimator,
gammapy.background.AdaptiveRingBackgroundEstimator
Examples
--------
.. plot::
:include-source:
import numpy as np
from gammapy.maps import Map
from astropy.convolution import Ring2DKernel, Tophat2DKernel
from gammapy.detect import KernelBackgroundEstimator
counts = Map.create(npix=100, binsz=1)
counts.data += 42
counts.data[50][50] = 1000
source_kernel = Tophat2DKernel(3)
bkg_kernel = Ring2DKernel(radius_in=4, width=2)
kbe = KernelBackgroundEstimator(kernel_src=source_kernel.array,
kernel_bkg=bkg_kernel.array)
result = kbe.run({'counts':counts})
result['exclusion'].plot()
"""
def __init__(
self,
kernel_src,
kernel_bkg,
significance_threshold=5,
mask_dilation_radius="0.02 deg",
keep_record=False,
):
self.parameters = {
"significance_threshold": significance_threshold,
"mask_dilation_radius": Angle(mask_dilation_radius),
"keep_record": keep_record,
}
self.kernel_src = kernel_src
self.kernel_bkg = kernel_bkg
self.images_stack = []
[docs] def run(self, images, niter_min=2, niter_max=10):
"""Run iterations until mask does not change (stopping condition).
Parameters
----------
images : dict
Input sky images: counts, background, exclusion
niter_min : int
Minimum number of iterations, to prevent early termination of the
algorithm.
niter_max : int
Maximum number of iterations after which the algorithm is
terminated, if the termination condition (no change of mask between
iterations) is not already satisfied.
Returns
-------
images : dict
Sky images: background, exclusion, significance
"""
# initial mask, if not present
if "exclusion" not in images:
exclusion = Map.from_geom(images["counts"].geom)
exclusion.data += 1
images["exclusion"] = exclusion
# initial background estimate, if not present
if "background" not in images:
images["background"] = self._estimate_background(
images["counts"], images["exclusion"]
)
images["significance"] = self._estimate_significance(
images["counts"], images["background"]
)
self.images_stack.append(images)
for idx in range(niter_max):
result = self.run_iteration(images)
if self.parameters["keep_record"]:
self.images_stack.append(result)
if self._is_converged(result, images) and (idx >= niter_min):
log.info(
"Exclusion mask succesfully converged,"
" after {} iterations.".format(idx)
)
break
return result
[docs] def run_iteration(self, images):
"""Run one iteration.
Parameters
----------
images : dict
Input sky images
"""
significance = self._estimate_significance(
images["counts"], images["background"]
)
exclusion = self._estimate_exclusion(images["counts"], significance)
background = self._estimate_background(images["counts"], exclusion)
return {
"counts": images["counts"],
"background": background,
"exclusion": exclusion,
"significance": significance,
}
def _estimate_significance(self, counts, background):
kernel = CustomKernel(self.kernel_src)
images = compute_lima_image(counts, background, kernel=kernel)
return images["significance"]
def _estimate_exclusion(self, counts, significance):
from scipy.ndimage import binary_erosion
radius = self.parameters["mask_dilation_radius"].deg
scale = counts.geom.pixel_scales.mean().deg
mask_dilation_radius_pix = radius / scale
structure = np.array(Tophat2DKernel(mask_dilation_radius_pix))
mask = (
significance.data < self.parameters["significance_threshold"]
) | np.isnan(significance.data)
mask = binary_erosion(mask, structure, border_value=1)
return counts.copy(data=mask.astype("float"))
def _estimate_background(self, counts, exclusion):
"""
Estimate background by convolving the excluded counts image with
the background kernel and renormalizing the image.
"""
counts_excluded = counts.copy(data=counts.data * exclusion.data)
vals = counts_excluded.convolve(self.kernel_bkg)
norm = exclusion.convolve(self.kernel_bkg)
return counts.copy(data=vals.data / norm.data)
@staticmethod
def _is_converged(result, result_previous):
"""Check convergence.
Criterion: exclusion masks unchanged in subsequent iterations.
"""
from scipy.ndimage.morphology import binary_fill_holes
mask = result["exclusion"].data == result_previous["exclusion"].data
# Because of pixel to pixel noise, the masks can still differ.
# This is handled by removing structures of the scale of one pixel
mask = binary_fill_holes(mask)
return np.all(mask)