WcsGeom#

class gammapy.maps.WcsGeom(wcs, npix=None, cdelt=None, crpix=None, axes=None)[source]#

Bases: gammapy.maps.geom.Geom

Geometry class for WCS maps.

This class encapsulates both the WCS transformation object and the image extent (number of pixels in each dimension). Provides methods for accessing the properties of the WCS object and performing transformations between pixel and world coordinates.

Parameters

wcsWCS: WCS projection object.
npixtuple: Number of pixels in each spatial dimension.
cdelttuple: Pixel size in each image plane. If None then a constant pixel size will be used.
crpixtuple: Reference pixel coordinate in each image plane.
axeslist: Axes for non-spatial dimensions.

Attributes Summary

`as_energy_true`	If the geom contains an axis named 'energy' rename it to 'energy_true'.
`axes`	List of non-spatial axes.
`axes_names`	All axes names.
`center_coord`	Map coordinate of the center of the geometry.
`center_pix`	Pixel coordinate of the center of the geometry.
`center_skydir`	Sky coordinate of the center of the geometry.
`data_shape`	Shape of the `ndarray` matching this geometry.
`data_shape_axes`	Shape of data of the non-spatial axes and unit spatial axes.
`data_shape_image`	Shape of data of the spatial axes and unit non-spatial axes.
`footprint`	Footprint of the geometry as a `SkyCoord`.
`footprint_rectangle_sky_region`	Footprint of the geometry as a `RectangleSkyRegion`.
`frame`	Coordinate system of the projection.
`has_energy_axis`	Whether geom has an energy axis (either 'energy' or 'energy_true').
`is_allsky`	Flag for all-sky maps.
`is_flat`	Whether the geom non-spatial axes have length 1, equivalent to an image.
`is_hpx`
`is_image`	Whether the geom is an image without extra dimensions.
`is_region`
`is_regular`	If geometry is regular in non-spatial dimensions as a boolean.
`ndim`
`npix`	Tuple with image dimension in pixels in longitude and latitude.
`pixel_area`	Pixel area in deg^2.
`pixel_scales`	Pixel scale.
`projection`	Map projection.
`shape_axes`	Shape of non-spatial axes.
`wcs`	WCS projection object.
`width`	Tuple with image dimension in degrees in longitude and latitude.

Methods Summary

`bin_volume`()	Bin volume as a `Quantity`.
`binary_structure`(width[, kernel])	Get binary structure.
`boundary_mask`(width)	Create a mask applying binary erosion with a given width from geometry edges.
`contains`(coords)	Check if a given map coordinate is contained in the geometry.
`contains_pix`(pix)	Check if a given pixel coordinate is contained in the geometry.
`coord_to_idx`(coords[, clip])	Convert map coordinates to pixel indices.
`coord_to_pix`(coords)	Convert map coordinates to pixel coordinates.
`copy`(**kwargs)	Copy and overwrite given attributes.
`create`([npix, binsz, proj, frame, refpix, ...])	Create a WCS geometry object.
`crop`(crop_width)	Crop the geometry at the edges.
`cutout`(position, width[, mode, odd_npix])	Create a cutout around a given position.
`cutout_slices`(geom[, mode])	Compute cutout slices.
`data_nbytes`([dtype])	Estimate memory usage in megabytes of the Numpy data array matching this geometry depending on the given type.
`downsample`(factor[, axis_name])	Downsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.
`drop`(axis_name)	Drop an axis from the geom.
`energy_mask`([energy_min, energy_max, ...])	Create a mask for a given energy range.
`from_aligned`(geom, skydir, width)	Create an aligned geometry from an existing one.
`from_hdulist`(hdulist[, hdu, hdu_bands])	Load a geometry object from a FITS HDUList.
`from_header`(header[, hdu_bands, format])	Create a WCS geometry object from a FITS header.
`get_coord`([idx, mode, frame, sparse, axis_name])	Get map coordinates from the geometry.
`get_idx`([idx, flat])	Get tuple of pixel indices for this geometry.
`get_pix`([idx, mode])	Get map pixel coordinates from the geometry.
`is_aligned`(other[, tolerance])	Check if WCS and extra axes are aligned.
`is_allclose`(other[, rtol_axes, atol_axes, ...])	Compare two data IRFs for equivalency.
`pad`(pad_width, axis_name)	Pad the geometry at the edges.
`pix_to_coord`(pix)	Convert pixel coordinates to map coordinates.
`pix_to_idx`(pix[, clip])	Convert pixel coordinates to pixel indices.
`region_mask`(regions[, inside])	Create a mask from a given list of regions.
`region_weights`(regions[, oversampling_factor])	Compute regions weights.
`rename_axes`(names, new_names)	Rename axes contained in the geometry.
`replace_axis`(axis)	Replace axis with a new one.
`resample_axis`(axis)	Resample geom to a new axis binning.
`separation`(center)	Compute sky separation with respect to a given center.
`slice_by_idx`(slices)	Create a new geometry by slicing the non-spatial axes.
`solid_angle`()	Solid angle array as a `Quantity` in `sr`.
`squash`(axis_name)	Squash geom axis.
`to_bands_hdu`([hdu_bands, format])
`to_binsz`(binsz)	Change pixel size of the geometry.
`to_cube`(axes)	Append non-spatial axes to create a higher-dimensional geometry.
`to_even_npix`()	Create a new geometry object with an even number of pixels and a maximum size.
`to_header`()
`to_image`()	Create a 2D image geometry (drop non-spatial dimensions).
`to_odd_npix`([max_radius])	Create a new geometry object with an odd number of pixels and a maximum size.
`upsample`(factor[, axis_name])	Upsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.

Attributes Documentation

as_energy_true#: If the geom contains an axis named ‘energy’ rename it to ‘energy_true’.

axes#: List of non-spatial axes.

axes_names#: All axes names.

center_coord#

Map coordinate of the center of the geometry.

Returns

coordtuple

center_pix#

Pixel coordinate of the center of the geometry.

Returns

pixtuple

center_skydir#

Sky coordinate of the center of the geometry.

Returns

pixSkyCoord

data_shape#: Shape of the ndarray matching this geometry.

data_shape_axes#: Shape of data of the non-spatial axes and unit spatial axes.

data_shape_image#: Shape of data of the spatial axes and unit non-spatial axes.

footprint#: Footprint of the geometry as a SkyCoord.

footprint_rectangle_sky_region#: Footprint of the geometry as a RectangleSkyRegion.

frame#

Coordinate system of the projection.

Galactic (“galactic”) or Equatorial (“icrs”).

has_energy_axis#: Whether geom has an energy axis (either ‘energy’ or ‘energy_true’).

is_allsky#: Flag for all-sky maps.

is_flat#: Whether the geom non-spatial axes have length 1, equivalent to an image.

is_hpx = False#

is_image#: Whether the geom is an image without extra dimensions.

is_region = False#

is_regular#

If geometry is regular in non-spatial dimensions as a boolean.

False for multi-resolution or irregular geometries.
True if all image planes have the same pixel geometry.

ndim#

npix#: Tuple with image dimension in pixels in longitude and latitude.

pixel_area#: Pixel area in deg^2.

pixel_scales#

Pixel scale.

Returns angles along each axis of the image at the CRPIX location once it is projected onto the plane of intermediate world coordinates.

Returns

angle: Angle

projection#: Map projection.

shape_axes#: Shape of non-spatial axes.

wcs#: WCS projection object.

width#: Tuple with image dimension in degrees in longitude and latitude.

Methods Documentation

bin_volume()[source]#: Bin volume as a Quantity.

binary_structure(width, kernel='disk')[source]#

Get binary structure.

Parameters

widthQuantity, str or float: If a float is given it interpreted as width in pixels. If an (angular) quantity is given it converted to pixels using geom.wcs.wcs.cdelt. The width corresponds to radius in case of a disk kernel, and the side length in case of a box kernel.
kernel{‘disk’, ‘box’}, optional: Kernel shape. Default is “disk”.

Returns

structurendarray: Binary structure.

boundary_mask(width)[source]#

Create a mask applying binary erosion with a given width from geometry edges.

Parameters

widthtuple of Quantity: Angular sizes of the margin in (lon, lat) in that specific order. If only one value is passed, the same margin is applied in (lon, lat).

Returns

mask_mapWcsNDMap of boolean type: Boundary mask.

contains(coords)[source]#

Check if a given map coordinate is contained in the geometry.

Parameters

coordstuple or MapCoord: Tuple of map coordinates.

Returns

containmentndarray: Bool array.

contains_pix(pix)#

Check if a given pixel coordinate is contained in the geometry.

Parameters

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel coordinates.

Returns

containmentndarray: Bool array.

coord_to_idx(coords, clip=False)#

Convert map coordinates to pixel indices.

Parameters

coordstuple or MapCoord: Coordinate values in each dimension of the map. This can either be a tuple of numpy arrays or a MapCoord object. If passed as a tuple then the ordering should be (longitude, latitude, c_0, …, c_N) where c_i is the coordinate vector for axis i.
clipbool: Choose whether to clip indices to the valid range of the geometry. If False then indices for coordinates outside the geometry range will be set -1. Default is False.

Returns

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel indices in image and band dimensions. Elements set to -1 correspond to coordinates outside the map.

coord_to_pix(coords)[source]#

Convert map coordinates to pixel coordinates.

Parameters

coordstuple: Coordinate values in each dimension of the map. This can either be a tuple of numpy arrays or a MapCoord object. If passed as a tuple then the ordering should be (longitude, latitude, c_0, …, c_N) where c_i is the coordinate vector for axis i.

Returns

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel coordinates in image and band dimensions.

copy(**kwargs)#

Copy and overwrite given attributes.

Parameters

**kwargsdict: Keyword arguments to overwrite in the map geometry constructor.

Returns

copyGeom: Copied map geometry.

classmethod create(npix=None, binsz=0.5, proj='CAR', frame='icrs', refpix=None, axes=None, skydir=None, width=None)[source]#

Create a WCS geometry object.

Pixelization of the map is set with binsz and one of either npix or width arguments. For maps with non-spatial dimensions a different pixelization can be used for each image plane by passing a list or array argument for any of the pixelization parameters. If both npix and width are None then an all-sky geometry will be created.

Parameters

npixint or tuple or list, optional: Width of the map in pixels. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different map width in each image plane. This option supersedes width. Default is None.
binszfloat or tuple or list, optional: Map pixel size in degrees. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different bin size in each image plane. Default is 0.5
projstring, optional: Any valid WCS projection type. Default is ‘CAR’ (Plate-Carrée projection). See WCS supported projections # noqa: E501
frame{“icrs”, “galactic”}, optional: Coordinate system, either Galactic (“galactic”) or Equatorial (“icrs”). Default is “icrs”.
refpixtuple, optional: Reference pixel of the projection. If None this will be set to the center of the map. Default is None.
axeslist, optional: List of non-spatial axes.
skydirtuple or SkyCoord, optional: Sky position of map center. Can be either a SkyCoord object or a tuple of longitude and latitude in deg in the coordinate system of the map. Default is None.
widthfloat or tuple or list or string, optional: Width of the map in degrees. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different map width in each image plane. Default is None.

Returns

geomWcsGeom: A WCS geometry object.

Examples

>>> from gammapy.maps import WcsGeom
>>> from gammapy.maps import MapAxis
>>> axis = MapAxis.from_bounds(0,1,2)
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=(100,100), binsz=0.1)
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=(100,100), binsz="0.1deg")
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=[100,200], binsz=[0.1,0.05], axes=[axis])
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=[100,200], binsz=["0.1deg","0.05deg"], axes=[axis])
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(width=[5.0,8.0], binsz=[0.1,0.05], axes=[axis])
>>> geom = WcsGeom.create(npix=([100,200],[100,200]), binsz=0.1, axes=[axis])

crop(crop_width)[source]#

Crop the geometry at the edges.

Parameters

crop_width{sequence, array_like, int}: Number of values cropped from the edges of each axis.

Returns

geomGeom: Cropped geometry.

cutout(position, width, mode='trim', odd_npix=False)[source]#

Create a cutout around a given position.

Parameters

positionSkyCoord: Center position of the cutout region.
widthtuple of Angle: Angular sizes of the region in (lon, lat) in that specific order. If only one value is passed, a square region is extracted.
mode{‘trim’, ‘partial’, ‘strict’}, optional: Mode option for Cutout2D, for details see Cutout2D. Default is “trim”.
odd_npixbool, optional: Force width to odd number of pixels. Default is False.

Returns

cutoutWcsNDMap: Cutout map.

cutout_slices(geom, mode='partial')[source]#

Compute cutout slices.

Parameters

geomWcsGeom: Parent geometry.
mode{“trim”, “partial”, “strict”}, optional: Cutout slices mode. Default is “partial”.

Returns

slicesdict: Dictionary containing “parent-slices” and “cutout-slices”.

data_nbytes(dtype='float32')#

Estimate memory usage in megabytes of the Numpy data array matching this geometry depending on the given type.

Parameters

dtypestr, optional: The desired data-type for the array. Default is “float32”.

Returns

memoryQuantity: Estimated memory usage in megabytes (MB).

downsample(factor, axis_name=None)[source]#

Downsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.

Parameters

factorint: Downsampling factor.
axis_namestr: Axis to downsample.

Returns

geomGeom: Downsampled geometry.

drop(axis_name)#

Drop an axis from the geom.

Parameters

axis_namestr: Name of the axis to remove.

Returns

geomGeom: New geom with the axis removed.

energy_mask(energy_min=None, energy_max=None, round_to_edge=False)#

Create a mask for a given energy range.

The energy bin must be fully contained to be included in the mask.

Parameters

energy_min, energy_maxQuantity: Energy range.

Returns

maskndarray: Energy mask.

classmethod from_aligned(geom, skydir, width)[source]#

Create an aligned geometry from an existing one.

Parameters

geomWcsGeom: A reference WCS geometry object.
skydirtuple or SkyCoord: Sky position of map center. Can be either a SkyCoord object or a tuple of longitude and latitude in degrees in the coordinate system of the map.
widthfloat or tuple or list or string: Width of the map in degrees. A tuple will be interpreted as parameters for longitude and latitude axes. For maps with non-spatial dimensions, list input can be used to define a different map width in each image plane.

Returns

geomWcsGeom: An aligned WCS geometry object with specified size and center.

classmethod from_hdulist(hdulist, hdu=None, hdu_bands=None)#

Load a geometry object from a FITS HDUList.

Parameters

hdulistHDUList: HDU list containing HDUs for map data and bands.
hdustr or int, optional: Name or index of the HDU with the map data. Default is None.
hdu_bandsstr, optional: Name or index of the HDU with the BANDS table. If not defined this will be inferred from the FITS header of the map HDU. Default is None.

Returns

geomGeom: Geometry object.

classmethod from_header(header, hdu_bands=None, format='gadf')[source]#

Create a WCS geometry object from a FITS header.

Parameters

headerHeader: The FITS header.
hdu_bandsBinTableHDU, optional: The BANDS table HDU. Default is None.
format{‘gadf’, ‘fgst-ccube’,’fgst-template’}, optional: FITS format convention. Default is “gadf”.

Returns

wcsWcsGeom: WCS geometry object.

get_coord(idx=None, mode='center', frame=None, sparse=False, axis_name=None)[source]#

Get map coordinates from the geometry.

Parameters

mode{‘center’, ‘edges’}, optional

Get center or edge coordinates for the spatial axes. Default is “center”.

framestr or Frame, optional

Coordinate frame. Default is None.

sparsebool, optional

Compute sparse coordinates. Default is False.

axis_namestr, optional

If mode = “edges”, the edges will be returned for this axis.: Default is None.

Returns

coordMapCoord: Map coordinate object.

get_idx(idx=None, flat=False)[source]#

Get tuple of pixel indices for this geometry.

Returns all pixels in the geometry by default. Pixel indices for a single image plane can be accessed by setting idx to the index tuple of a plane.

Parameters

idxtuple, optional: A tuple of indices with one index for each non-spatial dimension. If defined only pixels for the image plane with this index will be returned. If none then all pixels will be returned. Default is None.
localbool, optional: Flag to return local or global pixel indices. Local indices run from 0 to the number of pixels in a given image plane. Default is False.
flatbool, optional: Return a flattened array containing only indices for pixels contained in the geometry. Default is False.

Returns

idxtuple: Tuple of pixel index vectors with one vector for each dimension.

get_pix(idx=None, mode='center')[source]#

Get map pixel coordinates from the geometry.

Parameters

mode{‘center’, ‘edges’}, optional: Get center or edge pix coordinates for the spatial axes. Default is “center”.

Returns

coordtuple: Map pixel coordinate tuple.

is_aligned(other, tolerance=1e-06)[source]#

Check if WCS and extra axes are aligned.

Parameters

otherWcsGeom: Other geometry.
tolerancefloat, optional: Tolerance for the comparison. Default is 1e-6.

Returns

alignedbool: Whether geometries are aligned.

is_allclose(other, rtol_axes=1e-06, atol_axes=1e-06, rtol_wcs=1e-06)[source]#

Compare two data IRFs for equivalency.

Parameters

otherWcsGeom: Geom to compare against.
rtol_axesfloat, optional: Relative tolerance for the axes comparison. Default is 1e-6.
atol_axesfloat, optional: Relative tolerance for the axes comparison. Default is 1e-6.
rtol_wcsfloat, optional: Relative tolerance for the WCS comparison. Default is 1e-6.

Returns

is_allclosebool: Whether the geometry is all close.

pad(pad_width, axis_name)#

Pad the geometry at the edges.

Parameters

pad_width{sequence, array_like, int}: Number of values padded to the edges of each axis.
axis_namestr: Name of the axis to pad.

Returns

geomGeom: Padded geometry.

pix_to_coord(pix)[source]#

Convert pixel coordinates to map coordinates.

Parameters

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel coordinates.

Returns

coordstuple: Tuple of map coordinates.

pix_to_idx(pix, clip=False)[source]#

Convert pixel coordinates to pixel indices.

Returns -1 for pixel coordinates that lie outside the map.

Parameters

pixtuple: Tuple of pixel coordinates.
clipbool: Choose whether to clip indices to the valid range of the geometry. If False then indices for coordinates outside the geometry range will be set -1. Default is False.

Returns

idxtuple: Tuple of pixel indices.

region_mask(regions, inside=True)[source]#

Create a mask from a given list of regions.

The mask is filled such that a pixel inside the region is filled with “True”. To invert the mask, e.g. to create a mask with exclusion regions the tilde (~) operator can be used (see example below).

Parameters

regionsstr, Region or list of Region: Region or list of regions (pixel or sky regions accepted). A region can be defined as a string ind DS9 format as well. See http://ds9.si.edu/doc/ref/region.html for details.
insidebool, optional: For inside=True, set pixels in the region to True. For inside=False, set pixels in the region to False. Default is True.

Returns

mask_mapWcsNDMap of boolean type: Boolean region mask.

Examples

Make an exclusion mask for a circular region:

from regions import CircleSkyRegion
from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord, Angle
from gammapy.maps import WcsNDMap, WcsGeom

pos = SkyCoord(0, 0, unit='deg')
geom = WcsGeom.create(skydir=pos, npix=100, binsz=0.1)

region = CircleSkyRegion(
    SkyCoord(3, 2, unit='deg'),
    Angle(1, 'deg'),
)

# the Gammapy convention for exclusion regions is to take the inverse
mask = ~geom.region_mask([region])

Note how we made a list with a single region, since this method expects a list of regions.

region_weights(regions, oversampling_factor=10)[source]#

Compute regions weights.

Parameters

regionsstr, Region or list of Region: Region or list of regions (pixel or sky regions accepted). A region can be defined as a string ind DS9 format as well. See http://ds9.si.edu/doc/ref/region.html for details.
oversampling_factorint, optional: Over-sampling factor to compute the region weights. Default is 10.

Returns

mapWcsNDMap of boolean type: Weights region mask.

rename_axes(names, new_names)#

Rename axes contained in the geometry.

Parameters

nameslist or str: Names of the axes.
new_nameslist or str: New names of the axes. The list must be of same length than names.

Returns

geomGeom: Renamed geometry.

replace_axis(axis)#

Replace axis with a new one.

Parameters

axisMapAxis: New map axis.

Returns

mapGeom: Geom with replaced axis.

resample_axis(axis)#

Resample geom to a new axis binning.

This method groups the existing bins into a new binning.

Parameters

axisMapAxis: New map axis.

Returns

mapGeom: Geom with resampled axis.

separation(center)[source]#

Compute sky separation with respect to a given center.

Parameters

centerSkyCoord: Center position.

Returns

separationAngle: Separation angle array (2D).

slice_by_idx(slices)#

Create a new geometry by slicing the non-spatial axes.

Parameters

slicesdict: Dictionary of axes names and integers or slice object pairs. Contains one element for each non-spatial dimension. For integer indexing the corresponding axes is dropped from the map. Axes not specified in the dict are kept unchanged.

Returns

geomGeom: Sliced geometry.

solid_angle()[source]#

Solid angle array as a Quantity in sr.

The array has the same dimension as the WcsGeom object if the spatial shape is not unique along the extra axis, otherwise the array shape matches the spatial dimensions.

To return solid angles for the spatial dimensions only use:

WcsGeom.to_image().solid_angle()

squash(axis_name)#

Squash geom axis.

Parameters

axis_namestr: Axis to squash.

Returns

geomGeom: Geom with squashed axis.

to_bands_hdu(hdu_bands=None, format='gadf')#

to_binsz(binsz)[source]#

Change pixel size of the geometry.

Parameters

binszfloat or tuple or list: New pixel size in degree.

Returns

geomWcsGeom: Geometry with new pixel size.

to_cube(axes)[source]#

Append non-spatial axes to create a higher-dimensional geometry.

This will result in a new geometry with N+M dimensions where N is the number of current dimensions and M is the number of axes in the list.

Parameters

axeslist: Axes that will be appended to this geometry.

Returns

geomGeom: Map geometry.

to_even_npix()[source]#

Create a new geometry object with an even number of pixels and a maximum size.

Returns

geomWcsGeom: Geometry with odd number of pixels.

to_header()[source]#

to_image()[source]#

Create a 2D image geometry (drop non-spatial dimensions).

Returns

geomGeom: Image geometry.

to_odd_npix(max_radius=None)[source]#

Create a new geometry object with an odd number of pixels and a maximum size.

This is useful for PSF kernel creation.

Parameters

max_radiusQuantity, optional: Maximum radius of the geometry (half the width). Default is None.

Returns

geomWcsGeom: Geometry with odd number of pixels.

upsample(factor, axis_name=None)[source]#

Upsample the spatial dimension of the geometry by a given factor.

Parameters

factorint: Upsampling factor.
axis_namestr: Axis to upsample.

Returns

geomGeom: Upsampled geometry.